chapter 24

Question 1

respiratory system includes

Answer 1

nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 2

upper respiratory system

Answer 2

nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx

Question 3

lower respiratory system

Answer 3

larynx, trachea, brocnhi, bronchioles and alveoli

Question 4

functions of resp system

Answer 4

gas exchange, nasopharynx protects respiratory surface from dehydration, protection from pathogens, verbal communication, regulate blood colume, pressure and ph

Question 5

respiratory epithelium

Answer 5

-pseudostratified, ciliates, columnar (everywhere byt the pharynx, smaller bronchi and alveoli
-goblet cells (mucus)
-statified swuamous in the pharynx

Question 6

resp epithelium function

Answer 6

-ciliated columnar= move mucus up to cough out debris
-mucous cells= make mucus so debris gets stuck and doesnt eneter lungs
-stratified squamous- protection against abrasion

Question 7

what protects the respiratory system

Answer 7

-vibrissae= hairs in nose
-nasal cavity which produces mucus and sneezing
-epithelium make mucus to trap debris and cough it out

Question 8

pathway of air

Answer 8

-enters external nares, through nasal vestibule (area surrounded by alar cartilage), enters nasal cavity, in and around nasal concha, internal nares and nasopharynx area

Question 9

nasal concha

Answer 9

-inferior, middle and superior concha
-air swirls around it debris gets trapped in the mucus and the air gets warn before entering the trachea

Question 10

pharynx

Answer 10

-passage that connects the nose to the mouth to the throat
-3 of them

Question 11

3 pharynx parts

Answer 11

-nasopharynx= back of the nose area
-oropharynx= back of the mouth area
-laryngopharynx= entrance to the trachea and esophagus

Question 12

larynx

Answer 12

-cylinder with cartilage walls that are stabilized by ligaments/ skeletal muscle

Question 13

larynx cartilage

Answer 13

-thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis, paired laryngeal cartilages (arytenoid cartilages)

Question 14

adams apple

Answer 14

-laryngeal prominence
-thyroid cartilage

Question 15

epiglottis

Answer 15

closing when swallowing
-paired laryngeal cartilage is involved

Question 16

laryngeal ligaments

Answer 16

-intrinsic bind laryngeal cartilages together
-extrinsic ligaments bind thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone and cricoid cartilage
-some become vocal cords

Question 17

vocal cords sound

Answer 17

produces by air passing between cords
-sound depends on tongue, cheek and lip movement

Question 18

children vocal cords

Answer 18

shorter= high pitches voice
-grow with child

Question 19

laryngeal muscles

Answer 19

-intrinsic: regulate tension of vocal cords and open and close glottis
-extrinsic: position and stabilize larynx

Question 20

trachea

Answer 20

-has cartilage that is in a c shape, not a ring
-annular ligaments connect each ring
-linnings: respiratory epithelia, lamina propria and submucosa

Question 21

trachealis muscle

Answer 21

posterior side of the cartilage ring
-allows constriction and dilation of the trachea

Question 22

carina

Answer 22

where the trachea branches to form the left and right bronchi

Question 23

primary bronchi

Answer 23

enter the lungs
-right is steeper than the left

Question 24

part of the lung where the primary bronchus enter

Answer 24

hilum
-also where the pulmonary vessels enter

Question 25

root

Answer 25

bronchus, artery and vein

Question 26

lung structure

Answer 26

-right lung= three lobes, horizontal fissure and oblique fissure -left lung= 2 lobes and oblique fissure with a cardiac notch

Question 27

extrapulmonary bronchi

Answer 27

outside lunch branches

Question 28

intrapulmonary bronchi

Answer 28

inside lung branches

Question 29

what have rings of cartilage?

Answer 29

trachea and primary bronchi

Question 30

final branch

Answer 30

-bronchiole -does not have cartilage

Question 31

what do tertiary bronchi lead to

Answer 31

bronchioles

Question 32

bronchioles

Answer 32

-no cartilage becuase they are self supporting -have smooth muscle for bronchodilation and bronchioconstriction

Question 33

bronchiodilation

Answer 33

sympathetic stimulation

Question 34

bronchoconstriction

Answer 34

parasympathetic constricion

Question 35

what do the bronchiles terminate as?

Answer 35

aveolar sacs

Question 36

what is around aveolus

Answer 36

extensive network of capillaries that drop off co2 and take o2 -also have alastic tissue that maintain shape during inhale and exhale

Question 37

aveoli ducts

Answer 37

-sqamous cells -type 1 pneumocytes -some type 2 scattered -surfactant prevent aveolar collapse -macrophages wander to eat things

Question 38

where do pulm artieries transport co2

Answer 38

alveolar capillaries -co2 leaves the capillaries and enters alveolar sacs -oxy leaves alveolar sacs and enters capillaries then pulm vein to return to heart

Question 39

what separates the pleural cavities

Answer 39

mediastinum

Question 40

lung linning

Answer 40

serous membrane -visceral pleura and parietal pleural -space btwn= pleural cavity

Question 41

visceral pleura

Answer 41

outer linning of the heart

Question 42

parietal pleura

Answer 42

covers the inside lining of the thoracic wall

Question 43

pleurisy

Answer 43

membrane produce too much pleural fluid or the membranes adhere to the thoracic wall= pain

Question 44

pleural effusion

Answer 44

build up of fluid in the pleural space

Question 45

muscles involved in breathing

Answer 45

-diaphragm -external intercostals -internal intercostals

Question 46

diaphragm contraction

Answer 46

-lowers and causes inhalation

Question 47

external intercostals

Answer 47

elevate the ribs to aid in inhalation

Question 48

internal intercostals

Answer 48

depress the ribs to air in exhalation

Question 49

eupnea

Answer 49

-quite breathing -diaphrahm or costal breathing -prego women costal breath because uterus pushes diaphragm up

Question 50

hypernea

Answer 50

forced breathing -use accesory breathing muscles

Question 51

three nuclei in the pons and meculla the regulate respiratory

Answer 51

-respiratory rythmicity center -apneustic center -pneumotaxic center -upper centers (apneutic and pneumotaxic) they have a balance

Question 52

respiratory rythmic center

Answer 52

set respiratory pace in medulla

Question 53

apneustic center

Answer 53

in the pons, adjust pace, increase inhalation raising rate

Question 54

pneumotaxic cetner

Answer 54

in pons, decrease inhalation

Question 55

three breathing reflexes

Answer 55

-mechanoreceptor, chemoreceptor and protective

Question 56

mechanoreceptor

Answer 56

respond to changes in lung volume or blood pressure

Question 57

chemoreceptor

Answer 57

respond to changes in partial pressure of oxy and co2

Question 58

protective

Answer 58

respond to physical injury or irritation

Question 59

aging

Answer 59

elastic lung tissue deteriorates so lungs can not expand as well, rub movement becomes restricted (arthritis), emphysema hinders breathing -loose one sq root of respiratory membrane every year past 30