chapter 25 part 2

Question 1

stomach muscles

Answer 1

gastric rugae, circular, longitudinal and oblique

Question 2

stomach mesenteries

Answer 2

-greater and lesser omentum

Question 3

lesser omentum

Answer 3

-lesser curvature to the liver (hepatogastric ligament)
-pylorus/ duodenm to liver (hepatoduodenal ligement)

Question 4

stomach lining structures

Answer 4

-mucous surface cells (produce mucus)
-gastric pits (make cells to replace lost stomach cells)
-mucous neck cells (make mucus to lubricate food entering)
-parietal cells (inrinsic factor and hcl)
-cheif cells (pepsinogen turns to pepsin w hcl)
-enteroendocrine cells (make gastrin)

Question 5

instrinsic factor

Answer 5

make it easy to absorb b12 from small intestine to bloodstream during erythropoisis

Question 6

hcl

Answer 6

activates pepsiogen

Question 7

gastrin

Answer 7

hormone that causes parietal and cheif cells to release thier byproducts
-released by g cells when stomach stretches at food ingestion

Question 8

small intestine

Answer 8

20 ft long
-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum

Question 9

duodenum

Answer 9

10 inches
-gastric enxzyme from pancreas and bile from the liver and gallbladder

Question 10

jejunum

Answer 10

site of most absorption (middle section)

Question 11

ileum

Answer 11

longest section (last section)

Question 12

plicae

Answer 12

have microvilli whihc each have capillaries
-absorb nutrients from small int. to capillaries

Question 13

intestinal crypts

Answer 13

-at the base of the villi
-where new epithelial cells form
-enteroendocrine cells the make hormones are here too

Question 14

lacteals

Answer 14

in villi and absorb material that cant be by the capillaries (ie large lipid complexes)

Question 15

secretin

Answer 15

-made by s.i.
-causes liver to make bile and pancrea to release buffers to duodenum

Question 16

cholecystokinin

Answer 16

-makes pancreas release digestive enzymes to duodenum to make gallbladder contract and release stores bile into the duodenum

Question 17

regions of large intestine

Answer 17

-cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum

Question 18

cecum

Answer 18

-connects the the ileum
-ileocecal valve controls movement of material from ileum to cecum
-vermiform appendix is on the cecum
-mesoappendix anchors ileum to the cecum

Question 19

colon regions

Answer 19

everything but the cecum

Question 20

hepatic flexure

Answer 20

the bend btwn ascending and transverse

Question 21

splenic flexure

Answer 21

btwn transver and descending

Question 22

sigmoid flexure

Answer 22

btwn desceding and sigmoid

Question 23

colon expansion

Answer 23

haustra

Question 24

longitudinal large intestine muscles

Answer 24

taenia coli
-help peristalsis

Question 25

large intestine serosa

Answer 25

has flaps of fat that extend from the intestine -called omental appendices

Question 26

large instestine histo

Answer 26

-no villi on the walls -goblet cells iintestinal crypts -make mucus to lubricate undigested material -has large lymphoid nodules

Question 27

rectume

Answer 27

-last part is the anal canal which has anal columns and ends at the anus

Question 28

accesory digestive organs

Answer 28

liver, bladder and pancrease

Question 29

liver

Answer 29

-metabolic regulation -hematological regulation -bile production

Question 30

metabolic regulation of the liver

Answer 30

all blood leaving the digestive tract enters the liver through hepatic portal system -hepatocytes adjust metabolites before blood enters systemic circulation

Question 31

what is the largest blood reservoir in the body

Answer 31

the liver

Question 32

what happens as blood passes through liver

Answer 32

-phagocytic cells remove old/ damage erythrocytes -liver makes plasma proteins for blood clotting

Question 33

bile production

Answer 33

-made by liver cells -stores in gallbladder -secreted into duodenum when needed -emulsifies fat in small intestine so that lipase can digest it

Question 34

falciform ligament

Answer 34

boundary btwn right and left liver lobes -inferior portion is the round ligament which is the fetal umbilical vein remains -attaches liver to diaphragm by spreading (coronary ligament)

Question 35

liver lobules

Answer 35

-each is separated by the interlobular septum -center of each lobule has a vein from the hepatic portal system -hepatocytes form cellular lines extending from central vein outward

Question 36

sinusoids

Answer 36

spaces between the lines of hepatocytes that have capillaries that lead to a cental vein and kupffer cells that are phagocytic liver cells

Question 37

lobule shape

Answer 37

each corner there is a branch of hepatic portal vein, bile duct and hepatic artery proper the they all form the hepatic triad

Question 38

what produces bile

Answer 38

hepatocytes

Question 39

bile path

Answer 39

enters the bile canaliculi and travels to the bile ducts then does to the left and right hepatic ducts and common hepatic duct -goes through common bile duct to duodenum -cystic duct to gallbladder fo storage

Question 40

gallbladder regions

Answer 40

-fundus, body, neck

Question 41

galbladder and bile

Answer 41

-bile enters when the hepatopancreatic sphincter is close -comes from cystic duct -water constantly removed from the bile to concentrate it -CCK cause gallbladder to release the bile

Question 42

release of bile

Answer 42

-bile enters cystic duct and common bile duct -hepatopancreatic sphincter opens and bile enters duodenum of small intestine to emulsify fat

Question 43

pancreas

Answer 43

-posterior to stomach -head, neck, body, tail and duct

Question 44

pancreatic duct

Answer 44

deliver secretions from the pancreas to the duodenum through the hepatopancreatic sphincter

Question 45

pancrease lobules

Answer 45

-each are acinar cells and pancreatic islets

Question 46

acinar cells

Answer 46

make digestive enzymes that go through the pancreatic duc to the small intestine

Question 47

pancreatic islets

Answer 47

make hormones that that travel through blood

Question 48

pancreatic enzymes

Answer 48

-lipase -carbohydrases (digest carbs) -nucleases (digest nucleic acids) -proteinases (digest protein)

Question 49

pancreatic hormones

Answer 49

-insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

Question 50

CCK

Answer 50

causes pancreas to release digestive enzymes

Question 51

secretin

Answer 51

-cause pancreas to release bufffers for acidic chyme

Question 52

aging

Answer 52

less muscle motility -increase constipation