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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 4 Lecture - Genetics of Cellular Function > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Lecture - Genetics of Cellular Function Flashcards

1
Q

Give 4 examples of genetic disorders that can impact hereditary traits.

A

Color blindness, cystic fibrosis, diabetes mellitus, and hemophilia

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2
Q

Define DNA

A

A long, thread-like molecule with uniform diameter, but varied length

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3
Q

There are ___ DNA molecules (chromosomes) in nucleus of most human cells

A

46

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4
Q

DNA and other nucleic acids are polymers of ______

A

nucleotides

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5
Q

Nucleotides consist of what 3 things?

A

A sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

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6
Q

Give an example of a type of sugar that can be found in nucleotides

A

Deoxyribose

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7
Q

What are the two types of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids?

A

1) Purines

2) Pyrimidines

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8
Q

What distinguishes purines and pyrimidines from each other?

A

Purines have a double ring, pyrimidines have a single ring

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9
Q

Which bases are purines and which bases are pyrimidines?

A

1) Purines - adenine (A) and guanine (G)

2) Pyrimidines - cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)

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10
Q

What are the 4 bases found in DNA? What are the 4 bases found in RNA?

A

DNA bases: A, T, C, G

RNA bases: A, U, C, G

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11
Q

DNA has a ______ _____ shape.

A

double helix

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12
Q

The nitrogenous bases of DNA are united by ______ bonds

A

hydrogen

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13
Q

True or false: A purine on one strand always bound to a pyrimidine on the other

A

True

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14
Q

In DNA, the base A always pairs with ___ and G always pairs with ___

A

A - T & G - C

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15
Q

A–T has ___ hydrogen bonds

C–G has ___ hydrogen bonds

A

A–T has two hydrogen bonds

C–G has three hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

What is the law of complementary base pairing?

A

The idea that one strand determines base sequence of other

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17
Q

Define chromatin

A

Fine filamentous DNA material complexed with proteins

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18
Q

Define a gene using two different definitions

A

1) A segment of DNA coding for the synthesis of a specific protein.
2) An information-containing segment of DNA that codes for synthesizing one or more proteins

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19
Q

Define genome

A

All the genes of one person

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20
Q

Humans have about _____ genes

A

20,000

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21
Q

Genes only make up ____% of total DNA, the rest is noncoding DNA.

A

2%

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22
Q

___ interprets the code in ___ to synthesize proteins

A

RNA interprets the code in DNA to synthesize proteins

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23
Q

RNA functions mainly in the _____

A

cytoplasm

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24
Q

What are the 3 important types of RNA for protein synthesis?

A
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA)
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25
Q

In what 4 ways does RNA differ from DNA?

A

1) Single stranded (one nucleotide chain not a double helix like DNA)
2) Ribose replaces deoxyribose as the sugar
3) Uracil replaces thymine as a nitrogenous base
4) Functions mainly in cytoplasm

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26
Q

What determines the amino acid sequence of a protein?

A

The nucleotide sequence in the DNA

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27
Q

The minimum code to symbolize 20 amino acids is ____ nucleotides per amino acid

A

three

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28
Q

The body can make millions of different proteins based on only ___ amino acids and is encoded by genes made of just ___ nucleotides

A

The body can make millions of different proteins based on only 20 amino acids and is encoded by genes made of just four nucleotides

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29
Q

Define a base triplet

A

A sequence of three DNA nucleotides that stands for one amino acid

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30
Q

Define a codon

A

The 3-base sequence in mRNA

31
Q

How many codons are there?

A

64 possible codons available to represent the 20 amino acids.

32
Q

__ codons code for amino acids; __ are stop codons

A

61 codons code for amino acids; 3 are stop codons

33
Q

What are stop codons?

A

They signal “end of message”

34
Q

What are start codons?

A

AUG codes for methionine, and begins the amino acid sequence of the protein

35
Q

Define transcription

A

Copying genetic instructions from DNA to mRNA

36
Q

Define RNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that binds to DNA and assembles mRNA

37
Q

How does RNA polymerase assemble mRNA?

A

1) RNA polymerase reads bases from one strand of DNA

2) Makes corresponding mRNA

38
Q

What is translation?

A

The process that converts the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids

39
Q

What 3 things participate in the process of translation?

A

mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes

40
Q

Briefly describe the process of translation

A

1) mRNA carries code from nucleus to cytoplasm
2) Transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers a single amino acid to the ribosome for it to be added to growing protein chain
3) Ribosome adds the amino acid to the protein chain.

41
Q

_RNA contains an anticodon that are complementary to codon of mRNA

A

tRNA

42
Q

Where are ribosomes found and what are they made of?

A

1) Found free in cytosol, on rough ER, and on nuclear envelope
2) Consist of enzymes and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

43
Q

Describe the structure of tRNA

A

1) One end includes three nucleotides called an anticodon

2) Other end has binding site specific for one amino acid

44
Q

What are the 3 steps to translation?

A

Initiation, Elongation,and Termination

45
Q

Describe the step of initiation (3 parts)

A

1) Initiator tRNA (bearing methionine) pairs with start codon
2) Ribosome pulls mRNA molecule through it like a ribbon
3) When start codon (AUG) is reached, protein synthesis begins

46
Q

Describe the step of elongation (6 parts)

A

1) Next tRNA (with its amino acid) binds to ribosome while its anticodon pairs with next codon of mRNA
2) Peptide bond forms between methionine and second amino acid
3) Ribosome slides to read next codon
4) Next tRNA with appropriate anticodon brings its amino acid to ribosome
5) Another peptide bond forms (between 2nd and 3rd amino acids)
6) Process continually repeats, extending peptide to a protein

47
Q

Describe the step of termination (3 steps)

A

1) Ribosome reaches stop codon
2) Finished protein breaks away from ribosome
3) Ribosome dissociates into two subunits

48
Q

Describe DNA replication (4 steps)

A

1) DNA unwinds from histones
2) An enzyme unzips a segment of the double helix exposing its nitrogenous bases
3) DNA polymerase builds new DNA strands
4) Newly made DNA wraps around histones

49
Q

Before a cell divides, it must duplicate its DNA. Why?

A

So it can give a complete copy of all its genes to each daughter cell

50
Q

When preparing to divide, the cell makes copy of ____ DNA

A

nuclear

51
Q

When preparing to divide, after nucelar DNA is replicated, each chromosome then consists of two parallel filaments of identical DNA called ______

A

Sister chromatids

52
Q

Where are chromatids joined?

A

At the centromere

53
Q

Define cell cycle

A

A cell’s life from one division to the next

54
Q

What are the two main parts of the cell life cycle?

A

Interphase and mitotic phase

55
Q

What does interphase of the cell cycle include

A

1) G1: first gap phase
2) S: synthesis phase
3) G2: second gap phase

56
Q

What does the mitotic phase of the cell cycle include?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

57
Q

Describe G1 of interphase

A
  • The first gap phase; the interval between cell birth (from division) and DNA replication
  • Cell carries out normal tasks and accumulates materials for next phase
58
Q

Describe the S stage of interphase

A

Synthesis phase; the cell replicates all nuclear DNA and duplicates centrioles

59
Q

Describe G2 of interphase

A
  • The second gap phase; the interval between DNA replication and cell division
  • Cell repairs DNA replication errors, grows and synthesizes enzymes that control cell division
60
Q

Briefly describe the mitotic phase of cell division

A

The cell replicates its nucleus and pinches in two to form new daughter cells

61
Q

What is the G0 phase?

A

Describes cells that have left the cycle and cease dividing for a long time (or permanently)

62
Q

True or false: Cell cycle duration varies between cell types

A

True

63
Q

Define mitosis

A

Mitosis is cell division resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells

64
Q

What are the 4 main functions of mitosis?

A

1) Development of the individual from one fertilized egg to roughly 50 trillion cells
2) Growth of all tissues and organs after birth
3) Replacement of cells that die
4) Repair of damaged tissues

65
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis/ the mitotic phase?

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

66
Q

Describe the prophase stage of mitosis (6 steps)

A

1) Genetic material condenses into compact chromosomes
2) 46 chromosomes are made of two sister chromatids
3) Nuclear envelope disintegrates
4) Centrioles sprout spindle fibers (long microtubules)
5) Spindle fibers push centriole pairs apart
6) Some spindle fibers attach to kinetochores of centromeres of chromosomes

67
Q

Describe the metaphase stage of mitosis (2 steps)

A
  • Chromosomes are aligned on cell equator

- Shorter microtubules from centrioles complete an aster which anchors itself to inside of cell membrane

68
Q

Describe the anaphase stage of mitosis (2 steps)

A
  • Enzyme cleaves two sister chromatids apart at centromere
  • Single-stranded daughter chromosomes migrate to each pole of the cell as motor proteins in kinetochores crawl along spindle fibers
69
Q

Describe the telophase stage of mitosis (5 steps)

A
  • Chromosomes cluster on each side of the cell
  • Rough ER makes new nuclear envelope around each cluster
  • Chromosomes uncoil to chromatin
  • Mitotic spindle disintegrates
  • Each nucleus forms nucleoli
70
Q

Define cytokinesis

A

The division of cytoplasm into two cells

71
Q

True or false: Telophase is the end of nuclear division but overlaps cytokinesis

A

True

72
Q

Describe the stage of cytokinesis (2 steps)

A

1) Creates cleavage furrow around the equator of cell

2) Cell eventually pinches in two

73
Q

Cells replicate under what conditions?

A

Cells replicate if:

  • They have enough cytoplasm for two daughter cells
  • They have replicated their DNA
  • They have adequate supply of nutrients
  • They are stimulated by growth factors (chemical signals)
  • Neighboring cells die, opening up space
74
Q

Cells stop dividing under what conditions?

A

1) They snugly contact neighboring cells
2) Nutrients or growth factors are withdrawn
3) They undergo contact inhibition—the cessation of cell division in response to contact with other cells

Anatomy and Physiology I (39 decks)

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