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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 8 - Skeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the axial skeleton

A

80 named bones

Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, and hyoid

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2
Q

Describe the appendicular skeleton

A

126 named bones
Pectoral and Pelvic girdles
Upper and Lower extremities (limbs)

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3
Q

How many bones do we have at birth? In adulthood?

A

270 bones at birth, but number decreases with fusion

206 in a typical adult

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4
Q

Describe the 8 cranial bones

A

Protect brain & house ear ossicles
Attachment for jaw, neck & facial muscles
Very thin and remarkably strong for their weight
Two parietal, two temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid

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5
Q

Name the four sutures that mark the articulations of the parietal bones. What does the parietal bone articulate with at each suture?

A

Coronal suture - frontal
Sagittal suture - parietal
Lambdoid suture - occipital
Squamosal or squamous suture - temporal

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6
Q

The ________ passes through the foramen magnum

A

spinal cord

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7
Q

What articulates with the occipital condyles? What movement does this allow for?

A

The atlas articulates with condyles, which allows us to nod our heads ‘yes’

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8
Q

Describe the 14 facial bones and what they do

A

Facial bones (14)—do not enclose brain
Protect delicate sense organs – smell, taste, vision
Support entrances to digestive and respiratory systems
Mandible, vomer, two maxillae, two zygomatics, two nasals, two lacrimals, two palatines, and two inferior nasal conchae

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9
Q

List the bones of the left orbit

A

Sphenoid, zygomatic, maxillae, frontal ethmoid, lacrimal, palatine

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10
Q

Describe the two bones of the nasal cavity

A

Vomer and palatine

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11
Q

What disorder causes a cleavage of the skin of the upper lip and the upper palate?

A

Cleft lip and palate

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12
Q

Describe the paranasal sinuses and what they do

A
  • Paired cavities in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary
  • Lined by mucous membranes and are air-filled & open into nasal cavity
  • Resonating chambers for voice; lightens the skull
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13
Q

Describe the fontanels of the skull at birth and their two purposes

A

-They are dense connective tissue membrane-filled spaces (soft spots).
-Unossified at birth but close early in a child’s life.
2 purposes:
1) Allows fetal skull passes through the birth canal.
2) Allows rapid growth of the brain during infancy
-Skull reaches adult size by 8-9 years old

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14
Q

Describe the hyoid bone

A
  • Articulates with no other bone of the body
  • Suspended by ligament and muscle from the skull
  • Supports the tongue & provides attachment for tongue, neck and pharyngeal muscles
  • Often found broken in cases of strangulation
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15
Q

Name the 4 primary functions of the spine

A
  • Supports skull and trunk and allows for their movement
  • Protects spinal cord
  • Absorbs stresses of movements
  • Provides attachments for limbs, thoracic cage, and muscles
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16
Q

Variations in number of vertebrae occur in 1 in __ people

A

20

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17
Q

The backbone or spine is built of ___ vertebrae

A

26

18
Q

We have ___ vertebral regions in the spine

A

5

19
Q 
We have: 
\_\_ cervical  vertebrae 
\_\_ thoracic vertebrae
\_\_ lumbar vertebrae
sacrum (\_\_, fused)
coccyx (\_\_, fused)
A 
7 cervical  vertebrae 
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
sacrum (5, fused)
coccyx (3-5, fused)
20
Q

Describe the atlas (C1) of the cervical vertebrae and name its joint

A

-Ring of bone
-Superior facets made for occipital condyles
>atlanto-occipital joint is a condylar joint
-Produces “yes” motion: flexion & extension

21
Q

Describe the axis (C2) of the cervical vertebrae and name its joint

A
  • Body consists of dens or odontoid process
  • Atlanto-axial joint is a pivot joint
  • Allows for rotation (shaking your head no)
22
Q

Describe the intervertebral discs

A
  • Between vertebrae; absorbs vertical shock
  • Permits movements of the vertebral column
  • Made of fibrocartilage with a pulpy center
23
Q

Describe herniated discs

A
  • A herniated disc (“ruptured” or “slipped” disc) puts painful pressure on spinal nerve or spinal cord
  • Most commonly seen in lumbar region
24
Q

Describe the primary curvatures of the spine

A

The thoracic and sacral curves; form during fetal development. This is what gives babies’ spines a C-shape (convex)

25
Q

Describe the secondary curvatures of the spine and when they form

A
  • The cervical and lumbar curves
  • Cervical curve forms when infant raises head at 4 months
  • Lumbar curve forms when an infant sits up & begins to walk
26
Q

Describe how the overall shape of the spine changes from 0-3 years

A
  • The spine exhibits one continuous C-shaped curve at birth (convex);
  • The vertebral column is S-shaped beyond the age of 3 years
27
Q

Describe kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis and which curvatures they’re associated with

A
  • Kyphosis (hunchback)—exaggerated thoracic curvature
  • Lordosis (swayback)—exaggerated lumbar curvature
  • Scoliosis—lateral bending of the column
28
Q

What are the three main abnormal curves spines can have?

A

Kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis

29
Q

What are the causes of abnormal spinal curvatures?

A

Abnormalities result from disease, paralysis of trunk muscles, poor posture, pregnancy, or congenital defects

30
Q

Lordosis is usually caused by what?

A

Obesity or pregnancy

31
Q

Scoliosis is most common among what demographic?

A

Adolescent girls

32
Q

What are the typical causes of kyphosis?

A

Osteoporosis, osteomalacia, spinal tuberculosis, or wrestling/ weight lifting in young boys.

33
Q

What is the most common abnormal spinal curvature?

A

Scoliosis

34
Q

What makes up the sternum (breastbone)?

A
  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xiphoid process
35
Q

Which ribs are true ribs? Which are false ribs? Which are floating ribs?

A

1-7 are true ribs
8-12 are false ribs
11-12 (floating)

36
Q

There are __ bones per side for both the upper & lower limbs

A

30

37
Q

What are the four primary sections of the appendicular skeleton?

A
  • Pectoral girdles
  • Pelvic girdle
  • Upper limbs
  • Lower limbs
38
Q

What joints are found in the pectoral (shoulder) girdle?

A
  • Sternoclavicular joint
  • Acromioclavicular joint
  • Glenohumeral joint
39
Q

Describe the composition of the bony pelvis and pelvic girdle

A

Bony pelvis = 2 coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx

Pelvic girdle = Two coxal bones united at the pubic symphysis

40
Q

Describe the sex differences of the pelvic girdle

A

Male: heavier and thicker
Female: wider and shallower, and adapted to the needs of pregnancy and childbirth, larger pelvic inlet (brim) and outlet for passage of infant’s head

Anatomy and Physiology I (39 decks)

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