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Anatomy and Physiology I > Labs 9-11 > Flashcards

Labs 9-11 Flashcards

1
Q

List the layers of the meninges in order from most superficial to most deep

A

1) Dura mater
2) Arachnoid mater
3) Pia mater

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2
Q

The empty space between the pia and arachnoid mater is called what?

A

The subarachnoid space

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3
Q

What is the function of the subarachnoid space?

A

To circulate CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

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4
Q

Name the 4 plexuses and where they’re located

A

1) Cervical: C1-5
2) Brachial: C5-T1
3) Lumbar: L1-4
4) Sacral: L4-S4

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5
Q

What nerve is a part of the cervical plexus?

A

Phrenic nerve

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6
Q

What 4 nerves are a part of the brachial plexus?

A

Axillary
Radial
Median
Ulnar

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7
Q

What 2 nerves are a part of the lumbar plexus?

A

Femoral and obturator

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8
Q

What 2 nerves are a part of the sacral plexus?

A

Sciatic and pudenal

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9
Q

What muscle does the phrenic nerve act on, and what does that muscle do?

A

The diaphragm, the contraction of which causes inhalation

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10
Q

What 2 muscles are innervated by the axillary nerve, and what do they do?

A

1) Deltoid: abduction of the arm

2) Teres minor: rotates the humerus laterally

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11
Q

What nerve is known to be very short?

A

The axillary nerve

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12
Q

What nerve is located on the posterior arm?

A

The radial nerve

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13
Q

What nerve is located on the middle of the forearm?

A

Median nerve

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14
Q

What 5 muscles are innervated by the radial nerve, and what do they do?

A

1) Triceps brachii: extension of the forearm
2-5) Extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis lungs, extensor carpi ulnaris, and extensor digitorum: extension of the wrist

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15
Q

What 4 muscles are innervated by the median nerve, and what do they do? (hint: one muscle serves 2 functions)

A

1-3) Flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, and flexor digitorum: flexion of the wrist

3) Flexor digitorum: flexion of the fingers
4) Pronator teres: pronation

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16
Q

What muscle is innervated by the ulnar nerve, and what does it do?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris: flexion of the wrist

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17
Q

What 5 muscles are innervated by the femoral nerve, and what do they do? (hint: one muscle has 2 functions)

A

1-4) Vastus lateralis, vastus medius, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris: extension of the knee

4) Rectus femoris: flexion of the hip
5) Sartorius: flexus, abducts, and laterally rotates the hip

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18
Q

What 3 muscles are innervated by the obturator nerve, and what is their function?

A

Gracilis, adductor longus, and adductor magnus: adduction of the hip

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19
Q

What nerve travels the anterior thigh?

A

Femoral nerve

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20
Q

What nerve innervates only adductors?

A

Obturator nerve

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21
Q

What nerve travels down the posterior thigh?

A

Sciatic nerve

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22
Q

What nerve is best described as short and located in the pelvis?

A

Pudenal nerve

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23
Q

What 3 muscles are innervated by the sciatic nerve, and what are their functions?

A

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus: extension of the hip and flexion of the knee

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24
Q

What 2 muscles are innervated by the pudenal nerve, and what do they do?

A

1) External urethral sphincter: voluntary control of urination
2) External anal sphincter: voluntary control of defecation

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25
Q

What plexuses innervate the torso and above?

A

Cervical and brachial

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26
Q

What is the basic function of the frontal lobe?

A

Skeletal muscle (somatic) motor control

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27
Q

What are the basic functions of the occipital lobe?

A

Visual cortex and association area

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28
Q

What are the basic functions oft he temporal lobe?

A

Auditory and olfactory

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29
Q

What is the basic function of the parietal lobe?

A

Somatosensory

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30
Q

What is the basic function of the insula lobe? (deep to temporal and parietal lobes)

A

Gustation

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31
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

Central sulcus

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32
Q

What is located just anterior to the central sulcus?

A

The primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe

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33
Q

What is located just posterior to the central sulcus?

A

The primary somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobe

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34
Q

What do the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes make up?

A

The cerebrum

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35
Q

What connects the two cerebral hemispheres and allows them to communicate?

A

The corpus callosum

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36
Q

The outer layer of the cerebrum where most of the gray matter is located is called the ___________ _________

A

cerebral cortex

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37
Q

Define the thalamus and its basic function

A

Two hemispheres of gray matter connected by an intermediate mass
Function: “gateway to the cerebral cortex”; relay center

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38
Q

The fluid-filled space between the two halves of the thalamus is called the _________ ________

A

third ventricle

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39
Q

Define the hypothalamus and describe its basic function

A

Connects to pituitary gland by the infundibulum

Function: autonomic control center (includes the thirst, hunger, and satiety centers and temperature regulator)

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40
Q

What are the 4 regions of the diencephalon?

A

1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus
3) Pineal gland
4) Optic chiasma

41
Q

Define the pineal gland and describe its basic function

A

Small pine-cone shaped ball of tissue located superior and caudal to the thalamus
Function: secretes melatonin

42
Q

Define the optic chiasma

A

Found in front of the pituitary gland; looks like an X (where cranial nerve ii, the optic nerve, crosses)

43
Q

The surface of the cerebrum is called the _____. The tops of the bumps are called ______ and the ridges are called _____.

A

cortex. gyri; sulci

44
Q

The ______ fissure separates the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

longitudinal

45
Q

What is the cerebellum and what are its functions?

A

A tree-like shape of white matter called arbor vitae surrounded by gray matter called the cerebellar cortex.
Functions: helps with coordination and time perception; helps with stored movements (ex: hitting a golf ball for the 10000th time)

46
Q

What are the 3 regions of the brain stem?

A

Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

47
Q

Define the pons

A

Looks like the “adams apple” of the brainstem

48
Q

What are the functions of the medulla oblongata?

A

It’s the control center that includes the respiratory and cardiovascular centers, which control breathing and heart rate/ blood pressure.

49
Q

What is the acronym to help remember the order of the cranial nerves?

A

Oh once one takes the anatomy final very good vacations are heavenly

50
Q

What is the acronym to help remember whether the cranial nerves are sensory, motor, or both?

A

Some say money matters but my brother says big brains matter more

51
Q

List the cranial nerves in order from 1 to 12

A

1) Olfactory nerve
2) Optic nerve
3) Oculomotor nerve
4) Trochlear nerve
5) Trigeminal nerve
6) Abducens nerve
7) Facial nerve
8) Vestibulocochlear nerve
9) Glossopharyngeal nerve
10) Vagus nerve
11) Accessory (spinal) nerve
12) Hypoglossal nerve

52
Q

Name the function of the olfactory nerve and where it travels through

A

Function: smell (sensory only)

Goes through: olfactory foramina of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

53
Q

Name the function of the optic nerve and where it travels through

A

Function: vision (sensory only)

Goes through: optic canal of the sphenoid bone

54
Q

Name the function of the oculomotor nerve, what it travels through, and what muscles it innervates

A

Function: movement of the eyeball
Goes through: superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone.
Controls: superior rectus, interior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique

55
Q

Name the function of the trochlear nerve, what it travels through, and what muscles it innervates

A

Function: movement of the eyeball
Travels through: superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
Controls: superior oblique muscle

56
Q

Name the function of the trigeminal nerve and name the muscles it innervates

A

Functions: sensations of the face; chewing
Controls: masseter and temporalis

57
Q

Name the function of the abducens nerve, what it travels through, and what muscles it innervates

A

Function: movement of the eyeball laterally
Goes through: superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
Controls: lateral rectus muscle of the eye

58
Q

Name the function of the facial nerve and what muscles it innervates

A

Function: facial expression; taste
Muscles: all of the muscles of facial expression

59
Q

Name the functions of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Equilibrium and hearing

60
Q

Name the functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Taste; movement of the pharynx during swallowing and speech, and secretion of saliva

61
Q

Name the functions of the vagus nerve

A

Taste; swallowing, coughing, and parasympathetic stimulation [of the heart and digestive tract]

62
Q

Name the functions of the accessory (spinal) nerve and what muscles it innervates

A

Functions: swallowing, movement of the head and shoulders
Controls: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

63
Q

Name the functions of the hypoglossal nerve and name the muscles it innervates

A

Functions: movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing.
Controls: genioglossus muscle

64
Q

Name the nerves that travel through the superior orbital fissure

A

Oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves

65
Q

What are the white and gray matter parts of the cerebellum called?

A

White: arbor vitae
Gray: cerebellar cortex

66
Q

Blood enters through the _____ _______ of the brain’s ventricles and is turned into CSF

A

choroid plexuses

67
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed back into blood?

A

The arachnoid villi of the subarachnoid space and central canal of the spinal cord

68
Q

Name the 4 ventricles of the brain

A

1) Left lateral ventricle
2) Right lateral ventricle
3) Third ventricle
4) Fourth ventricle

69
Q

Describe the cones of the eye

A

Color vision, work in bright light, give detail

70
Q

Describe the rods of the eye

A

Night vision, work in dim light

71
Q

The _____ of the eye is clear, whereas the ______ of the eye is white.

A

cornea; sclera

72
Q

List the 3 tunics of the eye from superficial to deep

A

Fibrous, vascular, and neural tunics

73
Q

What two things make up the fibrous tunic?

A

The sclera and cornea

74
Q

What 4 things make up the vascular tunic?

A

The choroid, ciliary body, anterior segment with aqueous humor, and the iris

75
Q

What 5 things make up the neural tunic?

A

Retina, ora serrata, macula lutea, fovea centralis, and optic disc

76
Q

The dark part of the vascular tunic is called the _______.

A

choroid

77
Q

What part of the eye contracts when you look at something close to your face?

A

The ciliary body

78
Q

What does the ciliary body do?

A

Contracts when you look at something close to you

79
Q

The _______ humor is in the front of the eye, and the _________ humor is in the back

A

aqueous; vitreous

80
Q

What is the dark spot on the retina called?

A

The fovea

81
Q

What is the dark ring around the fovea called?

A

Macula

82
Q

What 3 cranial nerves control eye movement?

A

Oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens

83
Q

What muscles do the oculomotor nerve control?

A

Superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique

84
Q

What muscle does the trochlear nerve control?

A

Superior oblique

85
Q

What muscle does the abducens nerve control?

A

Lateral rectus

86
Q

What eye muscles extend laterally instead of inferiorly?

A

Superior and inferior oblique

87
Q

The outer cartilaginous part of the ear is called the _______ or ________

A

auricle or pinna

88
Q

What three things make up the outer ear?

A

Auricle/pinna, external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane

89
Q

What does the external acoustic meatus (external auditory canal) do?

A

Has hairs and ceruminous glands that make ear wax

90
Q

What does the tympanic membrane do?

A

Vibrates from sound waves

91
Q

What is the tympanic membrane also called?

A

Ear drum

92
Q

What are the 4 parts of the middle ear?

A

Malleus, incus, stapes, and eustachian tube

93
Q

What makes up the auditory ossicles?

A

Malleus, incus, and stapes

94
Q

Describe the eustachian (auditory) tubes

A
  • Held closed by cartilage

- Goes to pharynx

95
Q

What makes up the inner ear?

A

3 semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea

96
Q

What do the 3 semicircular canals do?

A

Help with dynamic equilibrium

97
Q

What produces the aqueous humor of the eye?

A

Ciliary body

98
Q

What type of muscle makes up the iris?

A

Smooth

Anatomy and Physiology I (39 decks)

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