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Anatomy and Physiology I > Smartbooks Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Smartbooks Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The six most abundant elements in the human body are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and _____

A

nitrogen

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2
Q

_______ electrons are the electrons found in the outermost shell of the electron cloud.

A

Valence

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3
Q

Atoms of the same element that differ only in the number of neutrons are known as _____

A

isotopes

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4
Q

A cation has a net _____ charge.

A

positive

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5
Q 
What is the term for an ion with a net negative charge (more electrons than protons)?
Cation
Isotope
Electron
Anion
A

Anion

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6
Q

Choose the six most abundant (by weight) elements that account for 98.5% of the body weight.

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and nitrogen

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7
Q

What term refers to a covalent bond in which the electrons are not equally shared?

A

Polar

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8
Q

If an atom has 2 electrons in its innermost shell and 3 electrons in its outmost shell, how many valence electrons does it have?

A

3

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9
Q

Salt on a watermelon is an example of a ______.

A

mixture

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10
Q

Deuterium and tritium are isotopes of hydrogen. What is different about them?

A

They have a different number of neutrons

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11
Q

What term can be used to describe any molecule that is non-polar and does not dissolve in water?

A

Hydrophobic

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12
Q

What type of ion has lost an electron and, consequently, has a net positive charge?

A

Cation

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13
Q

Which term refers to polar molecules that dissolve in water?

A

Hydrophilic

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14
Q

The chlorine atom gains electrons to become a chloride ______.

A

anion

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15
Q

Saltwater is a solution of NaCl dissolved in water. In this example, NaCl is the solute and water is the ____

A

solvent

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16
Q

In a carbon dioxide molecule, electrons are shared equally among the atoms. What type of bond do they form?

A

Nonpolar covalent

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17
Q

In a solution, the solute can be a ______.

A

gas, solid, or liquid

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18
Q

A(n) ______ consists of substances that are physically blended but not chemically bound.

A

mixture

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19
Q

The abbreviation _____ is a measurement of acidity derived from the concentration of H+.

A

pH

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20
Q

Name a hydrophobic substance

A

Fats

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21
Q

Solution A prevents solution C from changing its pH. Solution A is therefore a what?

A

Buffer

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22
Q

Hydrophilic substances are soluble in ____

A

water

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23
Q

Energy contained in an object due to its position or state is referred to as what type of energy?

A

Potential

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24
Q

In a solution, the more abundant substance that dissolves another substance is known as what?

A

Solvent

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25
Q

The energy of motion is what type of energy?

A

Kinetic

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26
Q

The particles of matter that are dissolved in a solution are known as what?

A

Solute

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27
Q

Which of the following best describes what occurs in a decomposition reaction?

A

A molecule is broken down into smaller parts.

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28
Q

pH is a measurement of the concentration of what?

A

Hydrogen ions

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29
Q

Two amino acids are brought together to form a dipeptide. Which type of reaction is this?

A

Synthesis

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30
Q

Substances that resist changes in pH are known as _____

A

buffers

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31
Q

True or false: Some catalysts speed up reactions, while other catalysts slow down reactions.

A

False

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32
Q

Which term refers to energy in a system that is not being used to do work?

A

Potential energy

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33
Q

The term ______ refers to the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body.

A

metabolism

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34
Q

______ energy is energy that is actively doing work.

A

Kinetic

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35
Q

Which of the following describes a catabolic reaction?

A

Large protein molecules are broken down into smaller amino acids during digestion.

Reason: Catabolic reactions are decomposition reactions. Larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, and energy is released.

36
Q

A chemical reaction in which a larger molecule is broken down into smaller ones is which type of reaction?

A

Decomposition

37
Q

The term anabolism specifically applies to metabolic reactions that do which of the following?

A

Build large molecules from small molecules

38
Q

A chemical reaction in which two or more smaller molecules combine to form a larger molecule is what type of reaction?

A

Synthesis

39
Q

In many biochemical reactions, individual subunits are joined to form larger macromolecules with the release of water molecules. How are these reactions classified?

A

Dehydration synthesis reactions

40
Q

How do catalysts affect reaction rates?

A

They increase reaction rates.

41
Q

Name the chemical reaction that breaks a covalent bond in a molecule by adding an OH group to one side of the bond and H to the other side, thus consuming a water molecule.

A

Hydrolysis

42
Q

Which 3 things are true regarding metabolism?

A

1) It can be defined as the sum of all of the chemical reactions in the body.
2) It includes reactions where new molecules are synthesized.
3) It includes reactions where molecules are broken down.

43
Q

Which term is used to refer to a simple sugar, or sugar monomer?

A

Monosaccharide

44
Q

Which term applies to metabolic decomposition reactions that release energy?

A

Catabolism

45
Q

Name 5 types of lipids

A
  1. Steroids
  2. Fatty acids
  3. Phospholipids
  4. Eicosanoids
  5. Triglycerides
46
Q

Metabolic reactions that use energy and build more complex molecules from less complex molecules are considered which type of reaction?

A

Anabolic

47
Q

A(n) ______ is a lipid that consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic phosphate head.

A

phospholipid

48
Q

Sucrose or table sugar is formed when the simple sugars fructose and glucose are covalently bonded. This reaction releases water. What is the name of this type of reaction?

A

Dehydration synthesis

49
Q

Which of the following best describes the chemical reaction called hydrolysis?
A. A covalent bond is broken by adding an OH to one side of the molecule, and an H to the other side.
B. Two ions join together to form a salt.
C. Electrons are transferred between two molecules.
D. A water molecule is removed from a molecule when it creates a covalent bond.

A

A. A covalent bond is broken by adding an OH to one side of the molecule, and an H to the other side.

50
Q

Disaccharides can be broken down into ______.

A

monosaccharides

51
Q

Peptide bonds are used to join two of these together.

A

Amino acids

52
Q

Hydrophobic organic molecules, such as fatty acids, fats, steroids, and prostaglandins, are classified as what type of molecule?

A

Lipids

53
Q 
Which of the following molecules are the major component of the plasma membrane?:
Phospholipids
Steroids
Prostaglandins
Glycoproteins
A

Phospholipids

54
Q

In many biochemical reactions, individual subunits are joined to form larger macromolecules with the release of water molecules. How are these reactions classified?

A

Dehydration synthesis reactions

55
Q

The ____ structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence.

A

Primary

56
Q

Name the chemical reaction that breaks a covalent bond in a molecule by adding an OH group to one side of the bond and H to the other side, thus consuming a water molecule.

A

Hydrolysis

57
Q

Name the type of bond that holds amino acids together in a protein molecule.

A

Peptide bond

58
Q

The ____ level of protein structure is determined by the folding of the protein due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids to form alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets.

A

secondary

59
Q 
Choose the lipids in the list below:
Eicosanoids
Steroids
Phospholipids
Polysaccharides
Polypeptides
Fatty acids
Triglycerides
A 
Eicosanoids
Steroids
Phospholipids
Fatty acids
Triglycerides
60
Q

A(n) _____ is a lipid that consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic phosphate head.

A

phospholipid

61
Q

Which level of protein structure is due to bending and folding into various globular and fibrous shapes?

A

Tertiary

62
Q

The quaternary structure consists of:

A

the interaction between multiple polypeptide subunits.

63
Q

What does the quaternary structure of a protein depend upon?

A

Interactions between multiple polypeptide chains

64
Q

Which of the following best describes the chemical reaction called hydrolysis?

A

A covalent bond is broken by adding an OH to one side of the molecule, and an H to the other side.

65
Q

Which term refers to a change in the three-dimensional conformation of a protein that destroys its functional properties?

A

Denaturation

66
Q

Name the level of protein structure that is determined by the folding of the protein into alpha helices and beta sheets due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids.

A

Secondary

67
Q

A _____ is the substance that an enzyme acts upon.

A

substrate

68
Q

Hydrophobic organic molecules, such as fatty acids, fats, steroids, and prostaglandins, are classified as what type of molecule?

A

Lipids

69
Q

Which of the following is another term for enzyme?

A

Biological catalyst

70
Q

The folding of proteins into various globular and fibrous shapes is referred to as the
____ structure of the proteins.

A

tertiary

71
Q

Which term refers to the energy needed to get a chemical reaction started?

A

Activation energy

72
Q

The _____ level of protein structure is determined by the interactions between two or more polypeptide chains within a protein.

A

quaternary

73
Q

Which of the following statements about enzymes are true?:
Enzymes speed up reaction rates by lowering the activation energy of a specific reaction.
Enzymes show enzyme-substrate specificity.
Enzymes may act as reactants in the reactions they catalyze.
Enzymes are not affected by pH.
Enzymes are not consumed in the reactions they catalyze.

A

Enzymes speed up reaction rates by lowering the activation energy of a specific reaction.

Enzymes show enzyme-substrate specificity.

Enzymes are not consumed in the reactions they catalyze.

74
Q

Which of the following best describes denaturation?

A

The unfolding of a protein’s three-dimensional shape

75
Q

Which term refers to the substance upon which an enzyme acts?

A

Substrate

76
Q

Indicate how pH and temperature affect the activity of an enzyme:
Altering the enzyme concentration
Altering the shape of the substrate binding site
Altering the substrate concentration
Causing a conformational change in the enzyme

A

Altering the shape of the substrate binding site

Causing a conformational change in the enzyme

77
Q

A(n) _____ is a protein that functions as a biological catalyst.

A

enzyme

78
Q

Which is an example of a nucleotide?

A

ATP

79
Q

What effect do enzymes have on the activation energy of a chemical reaction in the body?

A

Enzymes lower activation energy

80
Q

True or false: An enzyme is consumed by the reaction it catalyzes.

A

False

81
Q

Which term refers to a change in the three-dimensional conformation of a protein that destroys its functional properties?

A

Denaturation

82
Q

Which of the following factors affect enzyme conformation?:
Temperature
Enzyme concentration
pH

A

Temperature & pH

83
Q

Which organic molecules are composed of a nitrogenous base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate group?

A

Nucleotides

84
Q

Nucleotides contain a phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogenous _____

A

base

85
Q

Which is an example of a nucleotide?

A

ATP

Anatomy and Physiology I (39 decks)

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