Chapter 4: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
(296 cards)
1
Q
What are the organs of the skeletal system?
A
Bones of the skeleton
Joints
2
Q
What are bones?
A
Body organs with blood supply, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that form a skeleton.
3
Q
How many bones make a skeleton?
A
206
4
Q
What is red bone marrow?
A
It is within the bones that produces blood cells
5
Q
What is a joint?
A
The place where the 2 bones meet
6
Q
What holds together the joints and bones?
A
Ligaments
7
Q
What is another name for bones?
A
Osseous tissue
8
Q
What is the process of bone formation before birth?
A
Ossification
9
Q
What model forms a fetal skeleton?
A
Cartilage model
10
Q
Flexible tissue is replaced by what?
A
Osteoblasts
11
Q
What is another name for osteoblasts?
A
Immature bone cells
12
Q
What do osteoblasts mature into?
A
Osteocytes
13
Q
What are the 4 shapes of bones?
A
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
14
Q
What are 2 examples of a long bone?
A
Femur
Humerus
15
Q
What are 2 examples of short bones?
A
Carpals
Tarsals
16
Q
What are 3 examples of flat bones?
A
Sternum
Scapula
Pelvis
17
Q
What is an example of an irregular bone?
A
Vertebrae
18
Q
What majority of bone shape is the body?
A
Long bones
19
Q
What are the 2 types of long bones?
A
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
20
Q
What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?
A
Internal framework of body Supports body Protects internal organs Point of attachment for muscles Produces blood cells Stores minerals
21
Q
What is the medullary cavity?
A
It is an open canal within the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow.
22
Q
What is yellow bone marrow?
A
mostly fat
23
Q
What is the Epiphysis and where is it located?
A
It is at the wide end of a long bone and it is covered by the articular cartilage, which prevents the bones from rubbing together.
24
Q
What is the periosteum?
A
It is a thin connective tissue membrane that contains numerous nerve and lymphatic vessels that covers the surface of bone where articular cartilage doesn’t cover.
25
What is the Compact bone and where can it be found?
The cortical bone outer layer of bone that is a very dense and hard. It can be found in both the epiphysis and diaphysis.
26
What is the cancellous bone and where can it be found?
Also known as the spongy bone, it is inside the bone and has spaces containing red bone marrow.
27
What is red bone marrow
it manufactures blood cells
28
Head
Large smooth ball-shaped end of a long bone
29
Condyle
Smooth rounded portion at end of bone
30
Epicondyle
Projection above or on a condyle
31
Trochanter
Larger rough process
32
Tubercle
Small rough process
33
Tuberosity
Large rough process
34
Sinus
Hollow cavity within bone
35
foramen
Smooth opening for nerves and blood vessels
36
fossa
Shallow cavity or depression within a bone
37
fissure
Deep grooves or slit-like opening
38
Identify the 2 divisions of a skeleton.
Axial Skeleton
| Appendicular skeleton
39
What bones are in the Axial Skeleton?
```
Head
Neck
Spine
Chest
Trunk
```
40
What are the 2 parts of the skull?
Cranium
| Facial Bone
41
What is the purpose of the skull?
Protects brain, eyes, ears, nasal cavity, and oral cavity.
| Attachment for muscles of chewing and turning the head.
42
Frontal
Forehead
43
Parietal
Upper Sides and roof of skull
44
Temperal
Sides and base of skull
45
Ethmoid
Part of eye orbit, nose, and floor of skull
46
Sphenoid
Part of floor of skull
47
Occipital
Back and base of skull
48
Mandible
Lower jawbone
49
Maxilla
Upper jawbone
50
Zygomatic
Cheek bones
51
Vomer
Part of nasal septum
52
Palatine
Hard palate and floor of nose
53
nasal
part of nasal septum and bridge of nose
54
Lacrimal
Inner corner of eye
55
What is the Hyoid Bone?
U shaped bone
| Attachment point for swallowing and speech muscles
56
where si the Hyoid located?
Between mandible and larynx
57
What are the 3 parts of the trunk?
Vertebral column
Sternum
Rib cage
58
What are the 5 sections of the Vertebral column?
```
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
```
59
Where is the cervical and how many vertebrae?
Neck
| 7
60
Where is the thoracic and how many vertebrae?
Chest
| 12
61
Where is the lumbar and how many vertebrae?
Low back
| 5
62
Where is the Sacrum and how many vertebrae?
Base of spine
| 5 Fused
63
Where is the Coccyx and how many vertebrae?
Attached to Sacrum
| 3-5 small
64
How many pairs of rib are there?
12
65
Rib Cage
Attached to vertebral column at back.
66
What is the purpose of the rib cage?
Provides support for organs
67
True ribs
10 pairs attached to sternum in front
68
Floating ribs
Inferior 2 pairs with no attachment to front
69
What is the Appendicular Skeleton's 4 divisions?
Pectoral Girdle
Upper Extremity
Pelvic Girdle
Lower Extremity
70
Pectoral Girdle
Attaches upper extremity to axial skeleton.
71
What does the Pectoral Girdle articulate with?
Sternum anteriorly
| Vertebral Column posteriorly
72
What does the pectoral girdle consist of?
Clavicle
| Scapula
73
Clavicle
Collar bone
74
Scapula
Shoulder bone
75
Upper Extremity
Arms
76
Humerus
upper arm
77
Ulna
part of forearm
78
radius
part of forearm
79
carpals
wrist bones
80
metacarpals
hand bones
81
phalanges
finger bones
82
What are 3 other names the Pelvic Girdle is known as?
os coxae
innominate bone
hipbone
83
Pelvic Gridle
Attaches lower extremity to axial skeleton
84
What does the pelvic girdle articulate with?
Sacrum posteriorly
85
What does the pelvic girdle consist of?
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
86
Lower Extremity
Leg
87
Femur
thigh bone
88
patella
knee cap
89
tibia
shin bone
90
fibula
lower leg bone
91
tarsals
ankle bone
92
metatarsals
foot bones
93
phalanges
toe bones
94
What is another name for joints?
articulation
95
What are the 3 types of joints?
Synovial
Cartilaginous
Fibrous
96
Synovial Joints
Freely moving joints
| Ball-and-socket joint
97
Ligaments
Strong bands of connective tissue that holds bones together
98
Bursa
Sac-like structure lined with synovial membrane
99
What so the most common joint?
Synovial joint
100
Joint capsule
Encloses synovial joints and contains synovial fluid.
101
Synovial Fluid
Lubricant secreted by synovial membrane
102
What are the end of bones covered with?
Articular Cartilge
103
What is cartilaginous joints?
Holds bones in place by solid piece of cartilage that allows slight movement
104
What is an example of a cartilaginous joint?
Pubic Symphysis
105
Fibrous Joint
Joined by thick fibrous tissue that allows almost no movement
106
What is an example of a fibrous joint?
Sutures of the skull
107
articular
pertaining to a joint
108
carpal
pertaining to the wrist
109
cervical
pertaining to the neck
110
clavicular
pertaining to the collar bone
111
coccygeal
pertaining to the tail bone
112
cortical
pertaining to the outer portion
113
costal
pertaining to the ribs
114
cranial
pertaining to the skull
115
femoral
pertaining to the femur
116
fibular
pertaining to the fibula
117
humeral
pertaining to the humerus
118
iliac
pertaining to the ilium
119
intervertebral
pertaining to between vertebrae
120
intracranial
pertaining to inside the skull
121
ischial
pertaining to the ischium
122
lumbar
pertaining to the low back
123
mandibular
pertaining to the lower jaw
124
maxillary
pertaining to the upper jaw
125
medullary
pertaining to the inner portion
126
metacarpal
pertaining to the hand
127
metatarsal
pertaining to the foot
128
Patellar
Pertaining to the knee cap
129
Pelvic
Pertaining to the pelvis
130
Phalangical
Pertaining to the fingers/toes
131
Pubic
Pertaining to the pubis
132
Radial
Pertaining to the radius
133
Sacral
Pertaining to the sacrum
134
scapular
pertaining to the shoulder blade
135
sternal
pertaining to the breast bone
136
synovial
pertaining to the synovial membrane
137
tarsal
pertaining to the ankle
138
thoracic
pertaining to the chest
139
tibial
pertaining to the tibia
140
ulnar
pertaining to the ulna
141
arthralgia
joint pain
142
bursitis
inflammation of the bursa
143
callus
mass of bone tissue that forms at fracture site during healing
144
chondromalacia
softening of the cartilage
145
crepitation
noise produced by bones or cartilage rubbing together
146
ostealgia
bone pain
147
oseomyelitis
inflammation of bone and bone marrow
148
synovitis
inflammation of synovial membrane
149
Closed Fracture
Fracture with no open skin wound; also called simple fracture
150
Colles' Fracture
Common wrist fracture
151
comminuted fracture
fractured with an open skin wound; also called open fracture
152
Compression Fraction
Fracture with loss of height in vertebral body; often from osteoporosis
153
fracture
broken bone
154
FX, Fx
fracture
155
greenstick fracture
incomplete break; one side of bone is broken, the other is bent; common in children
156
impacted fracture
bone fragments are pushed into each other
157
oblique fracture
fracture at an angle to bone
158
pathologic fracture
fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone
159
spiral fracture
fracture line spiral around shaft of bone; often slower to heal
160
stress fracture
slight fracture caused by repetitive low-impact forces like running
161
transverse fracture
fracture is straight across bone
162
Chondroma
tumor in cartilage; usually benign
163
Ewing's Sarcoma
Cancerous tumor of shaft of long bones; spreads through periosteum; amputation is necessary to prevent metastasis
164
Exostosis
Bone Spur
165
Myeloma
Tumor forming in bone marrow tissue
166
osteochondroma
tumor consisting of bone and cartilage tissue; usually benign
167
osteogenic sarcoma
most common type of bone cancer; begins in osteocytes
168
osteomalacia
softening of bones caused by calcium deficiency; caused in children with insufficient sunlight and Vitamin D
169
osteopathy
General term for bone disease
170
osteoporosis
decrease in bone mass; results in thinning and weakening of bones; porous bone easily fractures
171
Paget's Disease
metabolic disease of bone; unknown cause; results in bone destruction and deformity
172
rickets
caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency; results in bone deformities
173
ankylosing spondylitis
inflammatory condition resembles rheumatoid arthritis; gradual stiffening and fusion of vertebrae
174
herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)
protusion of an intervertebral disk; also called ruptured disk
175
kyphosis
abnormal increase in curve of thoracic spine; humpback
176
lordosis
abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine; swayback
177
scoliosis
lateral curve of spine
178
spina bifida
congenital anomaly; vertebra fails to fully form around spinal cord
179
spinal stenosis
narrowing of spinal canal; causes pressure on spinal cord and nerves
180
spondylolisthesis
forward sliding of lumbar vertebra over vertebra over it
181
spondylosis
general term for degenerative vertebral column condition
182
whiplash
cervical muscle and ligament sprain
183
bunion
inflammation of bursa at base of great toe
184
dislocation
bones in joint are displaced from normal alignment
185
osteoarthritis (OA)
results in degeneration of bone and joints; bone rubs against bone
186
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
autoimmune inflammation of joints with swelling, stiffness, pain; results in joint deformities
187
sprain
damage to ligaments around joint due to over stretching; no dislocation or fracture
188
subluxation
incomplete dislocation; joint alignment is disrupted, but ends of bones remain in contact
189
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
autoimmune disease of connective tissue affecting many systems including joints; looks like rheumatoid arthritis
190
talipes
congenital deformity of ankle misalignment; clubfoot
191
arthrogram
x-ray record of a joint
192
arthrography
visualizing joint by x-ray after injecting contrast medium into joint
193
bone scan
nuclear medicine procedure; radioactive dye is used to visualize bones; useful for identifying stress fractures and metastases
194
dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA)
measures bone density using low dose x-ray; detects osteoporosis
195
myelography
study of spinal column after injecting opaque contrast medium; useful for identifying herniated nucleus pulposus
196
radiography
uses x-rays to study internal structure of body; especially useful for visualizing bones and joints
197
arthroscope
instrument used to view inside a joint
198
arthroscopy
examining interior of joint with an arthroscope, a fiberoptic camera; view of joint interior appears on monitor during procedure
199
arthrocentesis
insertion of needle into joint cavity to remove fluid
200
orthotic
brace or splint used to prevent or correct deformities
201
prosthesis
artificial device to substitute for a missing or damaged body part
202
amputation
removal of a limb
203
arthroclasia
forcibly break loose a fused joint
204
arthrodesis
stabilize join by fusing bones together
205
arthroscopic surgery
performing surgery while using an arthroscope to view inside joint
206
arthrotomy
cutting into a joint
207
bone graft
bone from another source used to replace boney defect in another location
208
bunionectomy
removal of bursa at base of great toe
209
bursectomy
removal of bursa
210
chondrectomy
removal of cartilage
211
chondroplasty
repair of cartilage
212
craniotomy
cutting into the skull
213
laminectomy
removal of posterior arch of vertebra to remove compression of a spinal nerve
214
osteoclasia
intentional breaking of a bone
215
osteotome
instrument used to cut bone
216
osteotomy
cutting into a bone
217
percutaneous diskectomy
tube is inserted into intervertebral disk to suck out ruptured disk; may also be done with a laser
218
spinal fusion
surgical immobilization of adjacent vertebrae
219
synovectomy
removal of a synovial membrane
220
total hip arthroplasty (THA)
implanting a prosthetic hip joint
221
total knee arthroplasty (TKA)
implanting a prosthetic knee joint
222
cast
solid material to immobilize a fracture; may be made of plaster of Paris or fiberglass
223
fixation
stabilizes fracture while it heals; external fixation fixation includes casts and splints; internal fixation includes pins, plates, and screws
224
reduction
realigning bone fragments of fracture; closed reduction is manipulation without surgery; open reduction requires surgery
225
traction
applying a pulling force on fracture or dislocation to restore alignment
226
bone reabsorption inhibitors
reduce the reabsorption of bone; treats osteoporosis and Paget's disease
227
corticosteroids
have strong anti-inflammatory properties; treats rheumatoid arthritis
228
What is the function of the muscular system?
individual cells are able to contract or shorten in length that produces movement
229
What are the organs of the muscular system
muscles
230
What do muscle tissue fibers contract?
```
shorten in length
produce movement
move bones closer together
push food through digestive system
pump blood through blood vessels
```
231
What are the 3 types of muscles?
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
232
Voluntary Muscles
Skeletal muscles that consciously choose to contract the muscle
233
Involuntary muscles
Smooth & cardiac muscles that are under control of subconscious brain
234
Skeletal Muscle
Attached to bones
| Looks striped under microscope
235
Striated Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
236
Fascia
Skeletal muscles wrapped in layers of connective tissue
237
What are skeletal muscles stimulated by?
Motor neurons
238
Myoneural junction
Point of contact with muscle fiber
239
Where are skeletal muscles found?
Trunk, extremities, head, and neck
240
Where are visceral muscles found?
Viscera
| Blood vessels
241
Where are cardiac muscles found?
Heart
242
What internal organs are smooth muscles associated with?
Stomach
Respiratory airways
Blood Vessels
243
Visceral Muscle
Smooth muscle.
244
Myocardium
cardiac muscle
245
Cardiac Muscle
makes up the walls of the heart
246
abduction
movement away from midline of body
247
adduction
movement toward midline of body
248
flexion
act of bending or being bent
249
extension
brings limb into a straight condition
250
dorsiflexion
backward bending of foot
251
plantar flexion
bending sole of foot; pointing toes
252
eversion
turning outward
253
inversion
turning inward
254
pronation
turning palm downward
255
supination
turning palm upward
256
elevation
to raise
257
depression
to drop down
258
Circumduction
Movement in circular direction from a central point
259
Opposition
Moving thumb away from palm to contact tip of other fingers
260
Rotation
Moving around a central axis
261
fascial
pertaining to fascia
262
muscular
pertaining to muscles
263
myocardial
pertaining to heart muscle
264
skeletal
pertaining to the skeleton
265
tendonous
pertaining to tendons
266
adhesion
scar tissue in fascia; makes muscle movement difficult
267
atrophy
poor muscle development; result of muscle disease or lack of use; muscle wasting
268
bradykinesia
having slow movements
269
contracture
abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or fascia
270
dyskinesia
having difficulty or painful movements
271
dystonia
having abnormal muscle tone
272
hyperkinesia
having an excessive amount of movement
273
hypertonia
having excessive muscle tone
274
hypokinesia
having insufficient amount of movement
275
hypotonia
having insufficient muscle tone
276
intermittent claudication
attacks of severe pain and lameness caused by muscle ischemia; usually in calf muscles
277
myalgia
mucle pain
278
myasthenia
muscle weakness
279
myotonia
muscle tone
280
spasm
sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction
281
tenodynia
tendon pain
282
fascitis
inflammation of fascia
283
fibromyalgia
widespread aching and pain in muscles and soft tissue
284
lateral epicondylitis
inflammation of elbow muscles; caused by strong gripping; tennis elbow
285
muscular dystrophy (MD)
inherited disease with progressive muscle atrophy
286
myopathy
muscle diease
287
myorrhexis
tearing a muscle
288
polymyositis
inflammation of 2 or more muscles
289
pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy
inherited muscular dystrophy
290
torticollis
severe neck spasms pulling head to one side; wryneck or crick in neck
291
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
repetitive motion disorder; compression of finger tendons and median nerve as they pass through carpal tunnel of the wrist
292
Ganglion Cyst
Cyst on tendon sheath; usually on hand wrist, or ankle
293
Repetitive Motion Disorder
Chronic disorders involving tendon, muscles, joints, and nerve damage; tissue is subjected to pressure, vibration, or repetitive movements
294
rotator cuff injury
joint capsule of shoulder joints is reinforced by tendons; high degree of flexibility puts rotator cuff at risk for strain and tearing
295
Strain
damage to muscle, tendons, or ligaments due to overuse or overstretching
296
tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
