Chapter 8: Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the organs of the gastrointestinal tract?
A
Oral Cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Colon
2
Q
What are the accessory organs of the Digestive System?
A
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
Salivary glands
3
Q
What are the organs of the continuous gut tube in order?
A
Oral Cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Colon
4
Q
What are accessory organs connected to gut tube by?
A
Ducts
5
Q
What happens while digesting food
A
physical & chemical breakdown of large food particles
Produces nutrient molecules
6
Q
What nutrient molecules are produced while digesting food?
A
Glucose
Triglycerides
Amino Acids
7
Q
What happens when nutrients are being absorbed during digestion?
A
Molecules are absorbed from intestine
Used for growth and repair of cells, tissues, and organs
8
Q
Feces
A
Expelled from body as solid waste
9
Q
What is the roof of the oral cavity?
A
Palate
10
Q
Uvula
A
Hangs down the soft palate
speech production
11
Q
What is the location of the gag reflex?
A
Uvula
12
Q
Cheeks
A
Lateral walls
13
Q
Lips
A
Anterior opening
14
Q
What is the entire oral cavity lined with?
A
Mucous membrane
15
Q
Where does digestion begin?
A
When food enters the mouth
16
Q
Tongue
A
Moves food within mouth
17
Q
Saliva
A
Digestive enzymes
Lubricates
18
Q
Taste buds
A
on the tongue surface
Detects bitter, sweet, salty, sour flavors
19
Q
What are the cutting teeth?
A
Incisors
Cuspids
20
Q
What are the grinding teeth?
A
Bicuspids (premolars)
Molars
Wisdom tooth
21
Q
What is the third molar?
A
Wisdom tooth
22
Q
Gums
A
mucous membrane + connective tissue
seals off teeth in socket
23
Q
What is the tooth divided into?
A
Crown
Root
24
Q
Crown
A
above gum
25
Root
below gum
26
Enamel
Outer covering
In crown only
Hardest substance
27
Dentin
Under enamel
In crown and root
Bulk of tooth
28
Pulp cavity
In crown & root canal
| Blood vessels, nerves
29
Cementum/Periodontal Ligaments
Anchors root in jawbone
30
What are the 2 sets of teeth?
deciduous
| Permanent
31
Deciduous teeth
First set, baby teeth
32
How many teeth erupt between the ages of 6-28months?
20
33
Permanent teeth
Second set, adult teeth
34
Where does the swallowed food enter?
Oropharynx
35
After entering the oropharynx, where does swallowed food go?
Into the laryngopharynx
36
Epiglottis
Covers larynx and trachea
| Shunts food away from lungs and into esophagus
37
Peristalsis
Pushes food through entire gut tube
38
Stomach
Muscular organ that collects and churns food to form chyme.
39
While in the stomach, what is mixed with the food?
Hydrochloric acid
40
Chyme
Watery mix of food and digestive juices
41
What are the 3 regions of the stomach?
Fundus
Body
Antrum
42
Fundus
Upper part of the stomach
43
Body (Stomach)
Main pat of the stomach
44
Antrum
Lower part of the stomach
45
Rugae
Folds in the stomach lining
46
Sphincters
muscular valves that control flow of food
47
Lower Esophageal Sphincter
Keeps food from backing up into esophagus
48
Pyloric Sphincter
Allows highly acidic chyme to enter small intestine
49
What is the longest portion of the alimentary canal?
Small Intestine
50
Where is the small intestine?
Between pyloric sphincter and colon
51
What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
52
Duodenum
First section of the small intestine
| Starts at pyloric sphincter
53
Jejunum
Second section of the small intestine
54
Ileum
Third section of the Small intestine
| Connects colon at ileocecal valve
55
Where is the colon?
extends from ileocecal valve to anus
56
What is the purpose of the colon?
Fluid that remains after digestion and absorption enters colon to be reabsorbed into body
57
What are the regions of the colon?
```
Cecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid Colon
```
58
Rectum
Area for storage of feces
59
Anus
external opening of alimentary canal
60
Defacation
feces are evacuated
61
Salivary Glands
Produces saliva
62
Saliva
Allows food to be swallowed without choking
63
What does saliva contain?
amylase
64
Saliva + Food =
Bolus
65
Amylase
Begins digestion of carbohydrates
66
What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?
Parotid glands
Sublingual Glands
Submandibular Glands
67
Liver
Processes nutrients
Detoxifies harmful substances
Produces bile
68
Where is the liver located?
RUQ
69
Emulsification
Breaks up large fat globules into smaller droplets
70
Where is the Gallbladder located?
RUQ
| under the liver
71
Gallbladder
Stores bile produced by liver
72
Common Bile Duct
Carries bile to Duodenum in the Gallbladder
73
Pancreas
Holds the digestive juices Buffers and Enzymes
74
Buffers (Pancreas)
Digestive Juice that neutralizes acidic chyme
75
Enzymes
Digestive juices that digest carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
76
cutane/o
skin
77
hem/o
blood
78
hemat/o
blood
79
nas/o
nose
80
orth/o
straight
81
ven/o
vein
82
-al
pertaining to
83
-algia
pain
84
-centesis
process of removing fluid
85
-eal
pertaining to
86
-ectomy
Surgical removal
87
-gram
record
88
-ic
pertaining to
89
-itis
inflammation
90
-logy
study of
91
-oma
tumor
92
-osis
abnormal conditioning
93
-graphy
process of recording
94
-ostomy
create new opening
95
-otomy
cutting into
96
-ous
pertaining to
97
-pexy
surgical fixation
98
-plasty
surgical repair
99
-plegia
paralysis
100
-ptosis
drooping
101
-scope
instrument to view
102
-scopy
process of viewing
103
-tic
pertaining to
104
a-
without
105
an-
without
106
anti-
against
107
brady-
slow
108
dys-
abnormal
109
endo-
within
110
hyper-
excessive
111
hypo-
under
112
intra-
within
113
per-
through
114
peri-
around
115
poly-
many
116
post-
after
117
retro-
backwards
118
sub-
under
119
trans-
across
120
anal
pertaining to the anus
121
buccal
pertaining to the cheeks
122
buccolabial
pertaining to the cheeks and lips
123
cecal
pertaining to the cecum
124
Cholecystic
pertaining to the galbladder
125
Colonic
pertaining to the colon
126
colorectal
pertaining to the colon and rectum
127
dental
pertaining to the teeth
128
duodenal
pertaining to the duodenum
129
enteric
pertaining to the small intestine
130
esophageal
pertaining to the esophagus
131
Gastric
Pertaining to the stomach
132
gingival
pertaining to the gums
133
glossal
pertaining to the tongue
134
hepatic
pertaining to the liver
135
hypoglossal
pertaining to under the tongue
136
ileal
pertaining to the ileum
137
jejunal
pertaining to the jejunum
138
nasogastric
pertaining to the nose and stomach
139
oral
pertaining to the mouth
140
pancreatic
pertaining to the pancreas
141
pharyngeal
pertaining to the pharynx
142
pyloric
pertaining to the pylorus
143
rectal
pertaining to the rectum
144
sigmoidal
pertaining to the sigmoid colon
145
sublingual
pertaining to under the tongue
146
anorexia
loss of appetite with other conditions; different from anorexia nervosa
147
aphagia
being unable to swallow or eat
148
ascites
collection of fluid in peritoneal cavity
149
bradypepsia
having a slow digestive system
150
cachexia
loss of weight and wasting occurring during chronic disease
151
cholecystalgia
gallbladder pain
152
constipation
difficult or infrequent defecation
153
dentalgia
tooth pain
154
diarrhea
frequent, watery bowel movements
155
dysorexia
having an abnormal, usually diminished appetite
156
dyspepsia
indigestion; having an upset stomach
157
dysphagia
having difficulty swallowing or eating
158
emesis
vomiting
159
gastralgia
stomach pain
160
hematemesis
vomiting blood
161
hematochezia
passing bright red blood in stools
162
hyperemesis
excessive vomiting
163
jaundice
yellow cast to skin; caused by deposit of bile pigment; often caused by liver disease
164
melena
passage of dark tarry stool, due to digested blood
165
nausea
urge to vomit
166
Obesity
weight above healthy levels
167
polyphagia
excessive eating
168
pyrosis
stomach acid splashing into esophagus; heartburn
169
regurgitation
backflow of stomach contents into mouth
170
aphthous ulcers
ulcers in the mouth; commonly called canker sores
171
cleft lip
congenital anomaly where upper lip and jaw fail to fuse in the midline, leaving a gap
172
cleft palate
congenital anomaly where hard palate fails to fuse in the midline, leaving an opening in the nasal cavity
173
dental caries
decay of tooth due to bacterial infection; tooth cavity
174
gingivitis
inflammation of the gums
175
herpes labialis
herpes simplex virus type 1 infection; fever blisters or cold sores
176
periodontal disease
isease of supporting structures around the teeth; especially the gums; most common cause of tooth loss
177
sialadenitis
inflammation of a salivary gland
178
esophageal varices
varicose veins in the esophagus; hemorrhaging occurs if rupture
179
gastroesophageal reflux disease
acid from stomach flows backward up into esophagus causing inflammation and pain
180
pharyngoplegia
paralysis of the throat muscles
181
gastric carcinoma
malignant tumor iin stomach
182
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and small intestine
183
gastritis
inflammation of the stomach
184
hiatal hernia
protrusion of stomach through diaphragm into thoracic cavity; also called diaphragmatocele
185
peptic ulcer disease
ulcer in the lower portion of esophagus, stomach, and/or duodenum; caused by high acid of stomach juices
186
anal fistula
abnormal passageway from surface directly into rectum; around anal opening
187
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
188
bowel incontinence
inability to control defacation
189
colorectal crcinoma
malignant tumor in the colon or rectum
190
Crohn's Disease
Chronic inflammatory bowel disease, primarily in ileum and/or colon; results in scarring
191
diverticulitis
inflammation of the diverticulum, an outpouching off the colon; results from food being trapped inside
192
dysentery
diarrhea with mucus and blood, severe abdominal pain, and fever; caused by contaminated food or water
193
enteritis
inflammation of the small intestine
194
hemorrhoids
varicose veins in the anal region
195
ileus
severe abdominal pain, inability to defecate, abdominal distension; caused by intestinal blockage
196
inguinal hernia
protrusion of a loop of bowel through abdominal muscle and into groin region; may become incarcerated or strangulated if muscle pinches the loop of bowel
197
intussusception
one part of intestine slips or telescopes into another section
198
irritable bowel syndrome
disturbance in function of intestine for unknown reason; causes abdominal cramping and alternating diarrhea and constipation
199
polyposis
having polyps, tumor with a stem-like attachment, growing on the mucus membrane of the colon; may become cancerous
200
proctoptosis
prolapse or drooping rectum
201
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammatory condition with numerous small ulcers on the lining of the colon
202
volvulus
bowel twists upon itself causing an obstruction
203
cholecystitis
inflammation of gallbladder; commonly caused by gallstones
204
cholelithiasis
presence of gallstones; may or may not cause systoms
205
cirrhosis
chronic liver disease due to liver failure
206
hepatitis
inflammation of liver; due to a viral infection
207
hepatoma
tumor in the liver
208
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
209
laparoscopy
process of visually examining inside of abdominal caity
210
sigmoidoscope
instrument used to visually examine the sigmoid colon
211
sigmoidoscopy
process of visually examining inside of sigmoid colon
212
paracentesis
insertion of needle into abdominal cavity to withdraw fluid
213
bridge
dental appliance attached to adjacent teeth to replace missing teeth
214
crown
artificial tooth to replace original crown
215
denture
partial or complete set of artificial teeth
216
extraction
removing teeth
217
implant
prosthetic device in jaw to anchor a tooth
218
root canal
drilling out of pulp cavity of a tooth; used to save a tooth that is badly infected
219
gavage
placing liquid nourishment directly into stomach via a nasogastric tube
220
lavage
washing out stomach using a nasogastric tube
221
nasogastric intubation
flexible catheter inserted into nose and down esophagus into the stomach
222
total parenteral nutrition
providing 100% of patient nutrition; used when patient is unable to eat
223
anastomosis
surgical creation of a connection between 2 organs; like joining together 2 sections of colon
224
appendectomy
surgical removal of appendix
225
bariatric surgery
surgical procedures to treat morbid obesity; like stomach stapling
226
cholecystecomy
surgical removal of gallbladder
227
choledocholithotripsy
surgical crushing of a gallstone in the common bile duct
228
colectomy
surgical removal of the colon
229
colostomy
surgical creation of an opening into some portion of colon through abdominal wall
230
diverticulectomy
surgical removal of diverticula
231
Exploratory Laparotomy
surgical removal to examine the abdominal organs
232
fistulectomy
removal of a fistula
233
gastrectomy
surgical removal of the stomach
234
gastric stapling
procedure to close off large section of stomach with rows of staples; results in much small stomach
235
gastrostomy
surgical procedure to create a new opening into the stomach through the abdominal wall
236
hemorrhoidectomy
surgical removal of hemorrhoids
237
hernioplasty
surgical repair of a hernia
238
ileostomy
surgical creation of a new opening into the ileum
239
laparoscopic cholecystectomy
surgical removal of gallbladder through a laparoscopic incision
240
laparotomy
to cut into the abdominal cavity
241
liver transplant
implantation of a donor liver
242
palatoplasty
surgical repair of the palate
243
pharyngoplasty
surgical repair of the pharynx
244
proctopexy
surgical fixation of the rectum and anus
245
What is the function of the digestive system?
Digesting Food
Absorbing nutrients
Eliminating waste
