Chapter 5

Question 1

Comparative Primatology

Answer 1

the study of our closest living relatives, the primates, for the purpose of understanding aspects of our own behavior

Question 2

Strepsirrhini

Answer 2

Primate suborder that includes the Lemurs, Lorises, and Galapagos (the prosimians)

Question 3

Haplorrhini

Answer 3

Primate suborder that includes the Tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans

Question 4

Ceboidea

Answer 4

Primate superfamily that includes all monkeys found in the Americas

Question 5

Cercopithecoidea

Answer 5

Primate superfamily that includes all monkeys found in Africa and Asia

Question 6

Anthropoids

Answer 6

all monkeys, apes, and humans

Question 7

Hominoid

Answer 7

Member of the super-family Hominoidea

Question 8

Hominin

Answer 8

the division in Hominoidea that includes humans and our recent ancestors

Question 9

Behavorial Ecology

Answer 9

The study of behavior from ecological and evolutionary perspectives

Question 10

Foraging

Answer 10

the act of seeking and processing food

Question 11

Five Areas of Socioecological Pressure

Answer 11

Foraging/Nutrition, Predation, Intraspecific competition, Interspecific competition, Habitat locomotion

Question 12

Strategy

Answer 12

Set of behavior patterns that has become prominent in a population as a result of natural selection

Question 13

Kin Selection

Answer 13

Behavorial favoring of one’s close genetic relatives

Question 14

Altruism

Answer 14

Selflessness in one’s behavior

Question 15

Potential

Answer 15

The spectrum of possible expression created by morphology, evolutionary history, and other aspects of a genotype

Question 16

Performance

Answer 16

the actual expression of a trait or behavior; the actual influence on a phenotype a trait has

Question 17

Phylogenetic Contraints

Answer 17

limits on current behavior or traits due to patterns and trends in an organism’s evolutionary past

Question 18

Infant Dependency Period

Answer 18

Period during which the infant is wholly reliant on others for nutrition, movement, thermoregulation, and protection

Question 19

Spandrels

Answer 19

The by-products of structural change

Question 20

Home Range

Answer 20

Area used by a primate group or community; often overlap between individuals

Question 21

Affiliative

Answer 21

Bond enhancing or prosocial

Question 22

Agonistic

Answer 22

Aggressive or combative

Question 23

Philopatric

Answer 23

Staying in one’s natal group; the habitually to stay or return to a particular area

Question 24

Estrus

Answer 24

Behavorial and physiological sexual receptivity

Question 25

Sociosocial Behavior

Answer 25

Nonreproductive sexual behavior that serves to resolve conflicts and/or reinforce alliances and coalitions

Question 26

Primate-wide Features

Answer 26

- Five digits on hand and feet and free mobility of limbs - flexible, grasping digits, with sensitive friction pads and nails rather than claws - Erect posture in many groups

Question 27

Two Major Groups of Haplorhines:

Answer 27

Tarsiers and Anthropoids (New World and Old Monkeys)

Question 28

Platyrrhines

Answer 28

New World monkeys with outward facing nostrils

Question 29

Catarrhines

Answer 29

Old World Monkeys and Hominoids (Apes and Humans)

Question 30

Terrestrial Primates

Answer 30

Primates that live predominantly or entirely on land - generally live in larger groups than arboreal species - face greater danger from predators - have large group size that provides some protection against predation

Question 31

Fruigivores

Answer 31

Fruit-eaters - live in larger groups than folivores (leaf-eaters) - large group size is an advantage in between group competition

Question 32

Diurnal Species

Answer 32

Animals active during the day | -live in larger groups than do nocturnal groups (why?)

Question 33

Dominance Hierarchies

Answer 33

Dominant individuals and their kin/allies gain: - preferential access to food resources - preferential access to mates - defense against predators Somewhat reflected in sexual dimorphism

Question 34

Owl Monkeys

Answer 34

- New World Monkeys - Nocturnal and form monagamous mating pairs - little sexual dimorphism - "floating" individuals that have left their birth group

Question 35

Capuchin

Answer 35

- New World Monkeys - Diurnal and aboreal - adept tool-users - demonstrate altruism and an understanding of the concept of using a medium for exchange

Question 36

Macaque Species

Answer 36

- Old World Monkeys - Wide geographic distribution over a diversity of habitats - Have cultural traditions that are learned through observation (support groups of female kin)

Question 37

Orangutans

Answer 37

- Mostly solitary - highly sexual dimorphic - Aboreal - Use of tools has been documented in some groups

Question 38

Gorillas

Answer 38

Small group size, eat foods with low nutritive value=>Spend most of day eating (not very social) -Displayed use of tools

Question 39

Fusion-fission Societies

Answer 39

Societies in which the size and composition of the social group change as time passes and animals move throughout the environment; animals merge (fusion)—e.g. sleeping in one place—or split (fission)—e.g. foraging in small groups during the day.

Question 40

Common Chimpanzees (Pan troglydytes)

Answer 40

•Multimale/multifemale communities characterized by fusion-fission social pattern • Male dominant species w/ frequent intraspecific competition • female dominance hierarchy is less clear but usually older females dominate younger females -Hunting is mainly a male activity -Tool use and passing of learned social tradidiotn within different communities

Question 41

Bonobos (Pan piniscus)

Answer 41

• bonded female coalitions dominate males and limit male access to preferred feeding sites • high ranking females can influence their adult sons’ rank among males • adult males tend not to form strong alliances Tool use and passing of learned social traditions within different communities

Question 42

Mother & Grandmother Hypotheses

Answer 42

individuals who survive long after their reproductive life (from a natural selection standpoint) is b/c those individuals carry knowledge and information that can be passed on and contribute to survival

Question 43

Humans (homo sapiens)

Answer 43

Distinct in that: • exceptionally high EQ • exceptionally long post-reproductive life for females • exceptional reliance on culture as niche construction • exceptional ability in language as communication / symbol

Question 44

All Chimpanzee Species

Answer 44

* cooperative behaviors * meat-eating, tool use and manufacture * social traditions * ability to use at least rudimentary symbolic communication

Question 45

Scramble Competition

Answer 45

Dispered food, difficult to monopolize | -favors small groups

Question 46

Contest Competition

Answer 46

Clumped and defendable food sources | -Favors large groups