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Anthropology > Chapter 5 Making a Living > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Making a Living Flashcards

1
Q

When studying how humans made a living, anthropologists are most interested in ____

A

Interactions between humans and their environments

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2
Q

The earliest human food-getting strategy was _____

A

Foraging

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3
Q

Which of the following terms refers to the period when humans first domesticated plants and began setting in permanent locations?

A

Agriculture revolution

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4
Q

Most humans were engaged in foraging up until about _____ years ago

A

11,000

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5
Q

According to the text, the greatest source of pollution comes from ____

A

Consumer desires and energy needs in wealthy nations

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6
Q

Which of the following terms indicates the yield per person per hour of labor invested?

A

Efficiency

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7
Q

The transition from _____ to _____ is known as the agricultural revolution

A

Foraging; food production

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8
Q

Which statement is true about foraging in human history?

A

Foraging is characterized by hunting and gathering

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9
Q

Which type of subsistence strategy sets restrictive limits on population growth and density?

A

Foraging

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10
Q

Under most conditions, foraging requires ____

A

Knowledge of the local environment

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11
Q

Foraging societies in extreme environments such as the arctic or the desert rely primarily on _____ to sustain their population.

A

Hunting

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12
Q

A major characteristic of the environment which shapes aboriginal Australian survival is the ____

A

Shortage of water

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13
Q

In their adaptation to their harsh environment, the foraging society of Australian aboriginal survived by _____

A

using a wide variety of foods sources

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14
Q

The major areas of pastoralism are found in _____

A

East Africa, Southwest Asia, and the Subarctic

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15
Q

Pastoralists in East Africa primarily raise ____

A

Cattle

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16
Q

Pastoralists in the central Asia primarily raise ______

A

Yak

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17
Q

Pastoral societies rely on _____ to survive and thrive.

A

Herd growth

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18
Q

Which of the following best illustrates transhumant pastoralism?

A

The male cattle pastoralists of East Africa have two settlements and move their herds between these, while the women stay in the permanent dwelling year-around

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19
Q

Horticulture is defined as _____

A

the use of simple tools in the production of plants for food

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20
Q

Like most horticulturalist, the Lua’ traditionally plant _____.

A

A variety of crops with rotating harvesting seasons

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21
Q

The Lua’ practice Swidden horticulture by allowing their field to lay fallow for ____ years for every year they are planted

A

9

22
Q

In Lua’ horticulture, women _____

A

Harvest rice along with men

23
Q

The horticultural cycle of the Lua’ indicates that they ___.

A

Use their highly effective knowledge of their environment for subsistence and cash crops

24
Q

A major change in Lua’ subsistence patterns in the last several decades is _____

A

A growing dependence on a few main crops which they sell to the market

25
Q

The defining characteristic of horticulture is that _____

A

Fields are not used permanently but remain fallow for some time after being cultivated

26
Q

Agriculture is marked by the use of which of the following?

A

Plows, draft animals, and irrigation

27
Q

Peasants are most associated with what form of making a living?

A

Agriculture

28
Q

Which of the following is a culture change that has occurred recently in Musha, Egypt?

A

Tractors are now used for many purposes

29
Q

Musha, in upper Egypt, is a typical contemporary peasant village in that the peasants _____

A

Are highly constrained by government intervention

30
Q

Rural cultivators who produce for the subsistence of their households but are also integrated into larger, more complex state societies are called ______

A

Peasants

31
Q

Agriculture is characterized by a ____.

A

Complex techniques of water and soil control

32
Q

Preindustrial agriculture uses which of the following techniques?

A

Crop rotation

33
Q

Which of the following was a critical change in rural America related to the increase in beef consumption in the late 20th century?

A

Increasing domination by large corporate farming operations and decline of family farm

34
Q

Increasing beef consumption led to changes in the meat packing industry. These included _____.

A

Increasing use of unskilled immigrant labor

35
Q

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) are associated with which shift in American agricultural practice?

A

Raising wages for agricultural workers

36
Q

A major characteristic of industrialism is that it ____.

A

Invariably expands beyond its own boundaries

37
Q

A critical way in which industrial production differs from other productive systems is _____.

A

The focus of production moves from food to other goods

38
Q

One result of the increased globalization of food is _____.

A

Greater movement of resources, capital, and population

39
Q

Why do anthropologist consider climate change to be such a profound for making a living?

A

It has a multiplier effect on existing problems in making a living

40
Q

Which groups are expected to feel the impact of climate change?

A

All groups, entities, and organizations

41
Q

True/False

The physical environment affects culture, but culture does not affect the physical environment.

A

False

42
Q

True/False

The change from foraging to food production was revolutionary in that it happened within a very short period of time.

A

False

43
Q

True/False

Today, only a very small percentage of the world’s people live by foraging.

A

True

44
Q

True/False

Global warming has made it easier for the Inuit to hunt year-round and has therefore increased the number of Inuit living traditional lifestyles.

A

False

45
Q

True/False

The yield per person per unit of land is known as the population density.

A

False

46
Q

True/False

The historic Pintupi subsistence strategy takes account the extreme heat of the Australian desert but would not suffice in extreme cold conditions.

A

False

47
Q

True/False

Horticulture is more expensive than agriculture.

A

False

48
Q

True/False

The demand for beef in America rose dramatically in the stock boom of the 1920s.

A

False

49
Q

True/False

The global food industry has led to increased poverty in rural America.

A

True

50
Q

True/False

Agriculture requires more capital investment than horticulture.

A

True

Anthropology (9 decks)

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