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AP Biology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

Totality of organism’s chemical reactions

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2
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Energy released to break complex compounds to simple compounds

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3
Q

Anabolic pathways

A

Energy consumed to build complex compounds from simple compounds

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4
Q

Cellular respiration is a catabolic/anabolic pathway

A

Catabolic (spontaneous)

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5
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to cause change

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6
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion

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7
Q

Thermal Energy

A

Kinetic energy associated with atom and molecule movements

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8
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy matter possesses because of location and structure

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9
Q

Chemical energy

A

Potential energy ready for release in chemical reactions

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10
Q

Complex molecules are high in which type of energy?

A

Chemical energy; lots of energy can be released when broken down in a catabolic pathway

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11
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Study of energy transformations

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12
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; transferred

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13
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

Every energy transfer increases entropy of universe

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14
Q

Free Energy

A

Energy available for conversions

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15
Q

Why can’t all energy be available in free energy transfers?

A

Some energy is lost as heat

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16
Q

Spontaneous processes increase/decrease free energy

A

Decrease; move towards equilibrium in which there is no free energy available

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17
Q

The equation for free energy can be simplified to…

A

G = final state - initial

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18
Q

Equilibrium

A

State of maximum stability (free energy decreases as reactions reach this)

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19
Q

A negative free energy means….

A

Spontaneous/exergonic reaction. Free energy lost, stability increases, less likely to change

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20
Q

In spontaneous reactions, how does free energy and stability move?

A
  • Free energy: decreases

- Stability: increases

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21
Q

Respiration is a _______ reaction, while photosynthesis is a ________ reaction (why?)

A

-Exergonic/spontaneous
-Endergonic
Photosynthesis requires an input of energy, in the form of sunlight

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22
Q

Diffusion is what type of reaction and why?

A

Exergonic because diffused molecules have lower free energy and are more stable

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23
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Energy released to turn reactant to product

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24
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Energy absorbed to turn reactant to product

25
What is the defining feature of life?
Metabolism is never at equilibrium, metabolic pathways fuel other reactions)
26
Cells does what kinds of work?
Chemical, transport, mechanical
27
Energy coupling
Use of exergonic process to drive an endergonic process
28
The bonds between phosphate groups in ATP can be broken by what?
Hydrolysis
29
The release of energy in ATP hydrolysis comes from what?
Chemical change to a state of lower free energy
30
The three types of cellular work are powered by what?
Hydrolysis of ATP
31
How does ATP drive endergonic reactions?
Through phosphorylation
32
Phosphorylation
Transfer of phosphate group to some other molecule, such as a reactant
33
The recipient molecule in phosphorylation is ______
phosphorylated
34
ATP is a renewable resource... how is it regenerated?
Addition of phosphate group to ADP
35
The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from what?
Catabolic reactions in cell
36
The ATP formation from ADP and P is what type of reaction?
Endergonic; free energy must be spent
37
Catalyst
Chemical agent that speeds up reaction without being consumed
38
Enzyme
Catalytic protein
39
Activation Energy
Initial energy to start chemical reaction
40
(pertaining to activation energy) Reactant bonds break only when what? How do they get this?
- The molecules absorb enough to become unstable | - Absorb thermal energy
41
Activation energy is typically supplied by what?
Heat from surroundings
42
Enzymes do not affect this, but they ______
Don't affect change in free energy, but hasten reactions that would eventually happen
43
Active site
Region on enzyme where substrate binds to
44
Induced fit
Enzyme changes to conform to substrate shape
45
How can the active site lower the activation energy barrier?
Orienting substrates correctly, straining substrate bonds, providing favorable microenvironment, covalently bonding to substrate
46
What can enzyme activity be affected by?
- pH and temperature | - Chemicals that influence enzyme
47
Cofactors
Nonprotein enzyme helpers
48
Coenzyme
Organic molecule cofactor
49
Competitive inhibitor
Inhibitor that binds to active site and competes with substrate
50
Noncompetitive inhibitor
Inhibitor that binds to another part of enzyme, changing shape to make active site less effective
51
Examples of inhibitors?
Toxins, poisons, pesticides, antibiotics
52
How does cell regulate metabolic pathways?
REgulating activity of enzymes
53
Allosteric regulation
Protein's function at one site if affected by the binding of a different molcule at another site
54
How do allosteric regulators inhibit and stimulate enzyme activity?
- Inhibitor stabilizes inactive form of enzyme | - Activator stabilizes active form of enzyme
55
Feedback inhibition
End product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway
56
Hydrolysis is what type of reaction?
Exergonic
57
Coupling involves transfer of energy with ______ to ______
Inorganic phosphate to a reactant
58
What would happen if organisms didnt have input of free enregy?
Entropy increases, death occurs

AP Biology (26 decks)

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