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Biopsych > chapter 8: hormones and sex > Flashcards

chapter 8: hormones and sex Flashcards

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1
Q

cloacal exstrophy

A

a rare medical condition in which XY individuals are born completely lacking a penis

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2
Q

hormone

A

a chemical secreted by an endocrine gland that is conveyed by the bloodstream and regulates target organs or tissues

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3
Q

endocrine gland

A

a gland that secretes products into the bloodstream to act on distant targets

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4
Q

castration

A

removal of the gonads, usually the testes

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5
Q

endocrine

A

referring to the glands that release chemicals to the interior of the body; secrete the principal hormones used by the body

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6
Q

synapse

A

the cellular location at which information is transmitted from a neuron to another cell

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7
Q

pheromone

A

a chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal and affects other members of the same species

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8
Q

allomone

A

a chemical signal that is released outside the body by one species and affects the behavior of other species

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9
Q

protein hormone or peptide hormone

A

a hormone that consists of a string of amino acids

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10
Q

amine hormone

A

a hormone composed of a single amino acid that has been modified into a related molecule, such as melatonin or epinephrine; also called monoamine hormone

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11
Q

steroid hormone

A

any of a class of hormones, each of which is composed of four interconnected rings of carbon atoms

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12
Q

second messenger

A

a slow-acting substance in a target cell that amplifies the effects of synaptic or hormonal activity and regulates activity within the target cell

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13
Q

knockout organism

A

deleting a gene for a given hormone receptor to learn what behaviors are affected by that hormone

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14
Q

pituitary gland

A

a small, complex endocrine gland located in a socket at the base of the skull

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15
Q

pituitary stalk

A

a thin piece of tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

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16
Q

neuroendocrine cell

A

a neuron that releases hormones into local or systematic circulation

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17
Q

posterior pituitary

A

the rear division of the pituitary gland

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18
Q

oxytocin

A

a hormone, released from the posterior pituitary, that triggers milk letdown in the nursing female

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19
Q

arginine vasopressin (AVP) or vasopressin

A

a peptide hormone from the posterior pituitary that promotes water conservation and increases blood pressure; also called antidiuretic hormone

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20
Q

milk letdown reflex

A

the reflexive release of milk by the mammary glands of a nursing female in response to suckling, or to stimuli associated with suckling

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21
Q

pair-bond

A

a durable and exclusive relationship between a male and a female

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22
Q

negative feedback

A

the property by which some of the output of a system feeds back to reduce the effect of input signals

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23
Q

anterior pituitary

A

the front division of the pituitary gland;it secretes tropic hormones

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24
Q

tropic hormone

A

any of a class of anterior pituitary hormones that affect the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands

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25
releasing hormone
any of a class of hormones, produced in the hypothalamus, that traverse the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system to control the pituitary's release of tropic hormones
26
median eminence
a midline feature on the base of the brain that marks the point at which the pituitary stalk exits the hypothalamus to connect to the pituitary; contains elements of the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system
27
growth hormone (GH)
a tropic hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary, that influences the growth of cells and tissues; also called somatotropin or somatotropin hormone
28
gonad
any of the sexual organs (ovaries and testes), which produce gametes for reproduction
29
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
a hypothalamic hormone that controls the release of luteinizing hormones and follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary
30
gonadotropin
an anterior pituitary hormone that selectively stimulates the cells of the gonads to produce sex steroids and gametes
31
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
a gonadotropin, named for its actions on ovarian follicles
32
follicle
the structure of the ovary that contains immature ova
33
luteinizing hormones (LH)
a gonadotropin, named for its stimulatory effects on the ovarian corpora lutea
34
corpus luteum
the structure that forms from the collapsed ovarian follicle after ovulation; a major source of progesterone
35
testes
the male gonads, which produce sperm and androgenic steroid hormones
36
testosterone
a hormone, produced by male gonads, that controls a variety of bodily changes that become visible at puberty; one of a class of hormones called androgens
37
androgen
any of a class of hormones that includes testosterone and other male hormones
38
psychosocial dwarfism
growth failure as a result of family deprivation, showing how psychological and social factors mediate through the central nervous system and the endocrine system
39
ovaries
the female gonads, which produce eggs (ova) for reproduction
40
progestin
any of a major class of steroid hormones that are produced by the ovary, including progesterone
41
estrogen
any of a class of steroid hormones produced by female gonads
42
estradiol
the primary type of estrogen that is secreted by the ovary; formal name is 17-beta-estrodial
43
progesterone
the primary type of progestin that is secreted by the ovary
44
ovulatory cycle
the periodic occurrence of ovulation in females
45
oral contraceptive
a birth control pill, typically consisting of steroid hormones to prevent ovulation
46
sexual attraction
the first step in the mating behavior of many animals, in which animals emit stimuli that attract members of the opposite sex
47
appetitive behavior
the second stage of mating behavior; it helps establish or maintain sexual attraction
48
proceptive
referring to a state in which an animal advertises its readiness to mate through species-typical behaviors, such as ear wiggling in the female rat
49
copulation
the sexual act; also called coitus
50
intromission
insertion of the erect penis into the vagina during copulation
51
vagina
the opening from the outside of the body to the cervix and uterus in females
52
ejaculation
the forceful expulsion of semen from the penis
53
semen
a mixture of fluid, including sperm, that is released during ejaculation
54
refractory phase
a period following copulation during which an individual cannot recommence copulation
55
Coolidge effect
the propensity of an animal that has appeared sexually satiated with a present partner to resume sexual activity when provided with a new partner
56
sexually receptive
referring to the state in which an individual (in mammals, typically the female) is willing to copulate
57
estrus
the period during which female animals are sexually receptive
58
postcopulatory behavior
the final stage in mating behavior; species-specific postcopulatory behaviors include the rolling (in the cat) and grooming (in the rat)
59
copulatory lock
reproductive behavior in which the male's penis swells after ejaculation so the male and female are forced to remain joined for 5-10 minutes; it occurs in dogs and some rodents, but not in humans
60
gamete
a sex cell (sperm or ovum) that contains only unpaired chromosomes and therefore has only half of the usual number of chromosomes
61
sperm
the gamete produced by males for the fertilization of eggs (ova)
62
ovum
an egg, the female gamete
63
zygote
the fertilized egg
64
ovulation
the production and release of an egg (ovum)
65
lordosis
a female receptive posture in four-legged animals in which the hind-quarter is raised and the tail is turned to one side, facilitating intromission by the male
66
activational effect
a temporary change in behavior resulting from the administration of a hormone to an adult animal
67
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
a hypothalamic region involved in eating and sexual behaviors
68
periaqueductal gray
the region of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct that connects the third and fourth ventricles; rich in neuronal cell bodies, it is involved in pain perception and reproductive behavior
69
medial preoptic area (mPOA)
a region of the anterior hypothalamus implicated in the control of many behaviors, including thermoregulation, sexual behavior, and gonadotropin secretion
70
vomeronasal organ (VNO)
a collection of specialized receptor cells, near to but separate from the olfactory epithelium, that detect pheromones and send electrical signals to the accessory olfactory bulb in the brain
71
medial amygdala
a portion of the amygdala that receives olfactory and pheromonal information
72
parental behavior
behavior of adult animals that has the goal of enhancing the well-being of their own offspring, often at some cost to the parents
73
parabiotic
referring to a surgical preparation that joins two animals to share a single blood supply
74
orgasm
the climax of sexual behavior, marked by extremely pleasurable sensations
75
phallus
the clitoris or penis
76
double-blind test
a test of a drug or treatment in which neither the subjects nor the attending researchers know which subjects are receiving the drug (treatment) and which are receiving the placebo (control)
77
sexual differentiation
the process by which individuals develop either malelike or femalelike bodies and behavior
78
sex determination
the process by which it is established that a fetus will develop as a male or female
79
indifferent gonads
the undifferentiated gonads of the early mammalian fetus, which will eventually develop into either testes or gonads
80
SRY gene
a gene on the Y chromosome that directs the developing gonads to become testes; the name SRY stands for Sex-determining Region on the Y chromosome
81
genital tubercule
in the early fetus, a "bump" between the legs that can develop into either a clitoris or a penis
82
wolffian duct
a duct system in the embryo that will develop into male reproductive structures (epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles) if testes are present in the embryo
83
müllerian duct
a duct system in the embryo that will develop into female reproductive structures (oviduct, uterus, and upper vagina) if testes are not present in the embryo
84
anti-müllerian hormone (AMH)
a protein hormone secreted by the fetal testes that inhibits müllerian duct development; also called müllerian regression hormone
85
dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
the 5-alpha--reduced metabolite of testosterone; DHT is a potent androgen that is principally responsible for the masculinization of the external genitalia of the external genitalia in mammalian sexual differentiation
86
5-alpha-reductase
an enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone
87
Turner's syndrome
a condition, seen in individuals carrying a single X chromosome but no other sex chromosome, in which an apparent female has underdeveloped but recognizable ovaries
88
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
any of several genetic mutations that can cause a female fetus to be exposed to adrenal androgens, resulting in partial masculinization at birth
89
intersex
referring to an individual with atypical genital development and sexual differentiation that generally resembles a form intermediate between typical male and typical female genitals
90
androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
a syndrome caused by a mutation of the androgen receptor gene that renders tissues insensitive to androgenic hormones like testosterone; affected XY individuals are phenotypic females, but they have internal testes and regressed internal genital structures
91
guevedoces
a nickname for individuals who are raised as girls but at puberty change appearance and begin behaving as boys; literally, "eggs at 12" in Spanish
92
organizational effect
a permanent alteration of the nervous system, and thus permanent change in behavior, resulting from the action of a steroid hormone on an animal early in its development
93
sensitive period
the period during development in which an organism can be permanently altered by a particular experience or treatment
94
neonatal
referring to newborns
95
sexual dimorphism
the condition in which males and females of the same species show pronounced sex differences in appearance
96
sexually dimorphic nucleus of the pre optic area (SDN-POA)
a region of the preoptic area that is five to six times larger in volume in male rats than in females
97
spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB)
a group of motoneurons in the spinal cord of rats that innervate striated muscles controlling the penis
98
Onuf's nucleus
the human homolog of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) in rats
99
fraternal birth order effects
a phenomenon in human populations, such that the more older biological brothers a boy has, the more likely he is to develop a homosexual orientation

Biopsych (16 decks)

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