Chapter 8 - Pathophysiology

Question 0

What is glycolysis?

Answer 0

The metabolism of glucose where it is broken down into pyruvic acid molecules

Question 1

What is aerobic metabolism?

Answer 1

The break down of molecules in the presence of oxygen

Question 2

What is ATP?

Answer 2

Andenosine triphosphate - the energy source for cells

Question 3

Where is sodium found?

Answer 3

Outside the cell

Question 4

Where is potassium found?

Answer 4

Inside the cell

Question 5

What is a patent airway?

Answer 5

One that is open and not obstructed

Question 6

What is FiO2?

Answer 6

Fraction of inspired oxygen

Question 7

What is FDO2?

Answer 7

Fraction of delivered oxygen

Question 8

What is Boyles law?

Answer 8

The volume of gas is inversely proportionate to the pressure

An increase in pressure will decrease the volume of gas
A decrease in pressure will increase the volume of gas

Question 9

What is cytosol?

Answer 9

The fluid part of a cell

Question 10

What are the by products of aerobic metabolism?

Answer 10

Heat, carbon dioxide, water

Question 11

What are the by products of anaerobic metabolism?

Answer 11

Lactic acid and a small amount of ATP

Question 12

What is perfusion?

Answer 12

The delivery of oxygen, glucose, and other substances to the cell and the elimination of waste products from the cell

Question 13

What are the components of adequate perfusion?

Answer 13

-composition of air, patent airway, mechanics of ventilation, regulation of ventilation, ventilation/perfusion ratio, transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide by the blood, blood volume, pump function of the myocardium, systemic vascular resistance, micro circulation, blood pressure

Question 14

What does ambient air consist of?

Answer 14

79% nitrogen
21% oxygen
0.9% argon
0.03% carbon dioxide

Question 15

How much oxygen does a non rebreather mask deliver?

Answer 15

0.95 or 95%

Question 16

What does the epiglottis do?

Answer 16

The flap of cartilaginous tissue that covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing

Question 17

What does compliance mean?

Answer 17

The measure of the ability of the chest wall and lungs to stretch, distend and expand

Question 18

What is air way resistance?

Answer 18

The ease of airflow down the conduit of airway structures leading to the alveoli

Question 19

What is minute ventilation aka minute volume?

Answer 19

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute

Question 20

What is tidal volume?

Answer 20

The volume of air breathed in with each individual breath

Question 21

What is frequency of ventilation?

Answer 21

The number of ventilations in one minute

Question 22

How is minute volume calculated?

Answer 22

Tidal volume x frequency of ventilation

Question 23

What is an average adults tidal volume?

Answer 23

500ml

Question 24

What is an adults frequency of ventilation?

Answer 24

12 per minute

Question 25

What is the average minute volume for an adult?

Answer 25

6,000 ml

Question 26

What is alveolar ventilation?

Answer 26

The amount of air moved in and out of the alveoli in one minute

Question 27

What are chemoreceptors?

Answer 27

Specialized receptors that monitor the ph, carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in the arterial blood

Question 28

What is preload?

Answer 28

The pressure generated in the left ventricle at the end of diastole, created by the blood volume in the left ventricle

Question 29

Frank Starling law?

Answer 29

The stretch of the muscle fibers at the end of diastole determines the force available to eject the blood from the left ventricle

Question 30

What is afterload?

Answer 30

The resistance in the aorta that must be overcome by contraction of the left ventricle to eject the blood