Chapter 9 Homework

Question 1

The primary function of the respiratory system is to allow _____ from the atmosphere to enter the body and ______ to exit the body.

Answer 1

Oxygen, Carbon dioxide

Question 2

Breathing, or ventilation, includes ______ (breathing in) and ______ (breathing out); during these processes air is conducted toward or away from the lungs by a series of cavities, tubes, and openings.

Answer 2

inspiration, expiration

Question 3

In order to transport gases throughout the body, the respiratory system works with the ______ system.

Answer 3

Cardiovascular

Question 4

The exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the air and the blood is called ______ respiration, and the exchange of gases between the blood and tissue fluid is called ______ respiration.

Answer 4

external, internal

Question 5

Gas exchange with the environment is necessary to the process of cellular respiration, which produces stored cellular energy in the form of ______ that is required for many cellular functions.

Answer 5

ATP

Question 6

When we are relaxed, a ______ amount of air moves in and out with each breath. The amount of air, called the ______, is normally about 500 ml.

Answer 6

small, tidal volume

Question 7

After a very deep exhalation, some air (about 1l) remains in the lungs; this is termed the ______. This air is not as useful for gas exchange because the oxygen content has been ______.

Answer 7

Residual volume, depleted

Question 8

You can increase inspiration (breathing in) by not only expanding the chest but also by lowering the diaphragm. This type of forced inspiration usually increases the volume of inhaled air beyond the tidal volume, and that amount is called the ______.

Answer 8

Inspiratory reserve volume

Question 9

The maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath is the ______.

Answer 9

Vital capacity

Question 10

The expiratory reserve volume occurs when the amount of air you exhale by contracting the abdominal and ______ muscles is dramatically increased.

Answer 10

Internal Intercostal

Question 11

Ventilation rhythm is controlled by a respiratory control centr in the medulla oblongata, which automatically sends signals to the diaphragm and muscles of the ribcage that cause ______ to occur.

Answer 11

Inspiration

Question 12

When these signals ______, the muscles relax and ______ occurs.

Answer 12

stop, expiration

Question 13

Though mostly ______ process, we can change our breathing patterns to accommodate activities like singing or eating, breathing in with what is called ______.

Answer 13

an automatic, forced inspiration

Question 14

Two sets of ______ that are sensitive to pH can cause breathing to ______.

Answer 14

Chemoreceptors, speed up

Question 15

One set is found centrally located in the ______ while another is set in the ______.

Answer 15

Brain stem, circulatory system

Question 16

Carotid bodies in the carotid arteries, and aortic bodies in the aorta, are sensitive to blood pH as well. They are ______ affected by low oxygen levels.

Answer 16

not strongly

Question 17

They are ______ when carbon dioxide levels change blood pH.

Answer 17

stimulated

Question 18

When blood pH is ______, they respiratory center in the brain ______ the rate and depth of breathing.

Answer 18

acidic, increases

Question 19

Internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the blood in ______ capillaries and the tissue fluid.

Answer 19

Systemic

Question 20

Internal respiration services tissue cells, and without internal respiration, cells could not continue to produce the ______ that they need as an energy source.

Answer 20

ATP

Question 21

Blood in the systemic capillaries is a ______ color because of the presence of oxyhemoglobin. Oxyhemoglobin gives up ______, which diffuses out of the blood into the tissues.

Answer 21

Bright red, oxygen

Question 22

Oxyygen diffuses out of the blood into the tissues because the ______ of tissue fluid is lower than that of blood. This is because cells continuously use up ______ in cellular respiration.

Answer 22

Po2, oxygen

Question 23

Pneumonia

Answer 23

Alveoli fills with pus and fluid making gas exchange difficult

Question 24

Pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 24

Connective tissue builds up in lungs, reducing their elasticity

Question 25

Pulmonary tuberculosis

Answer 25

Tubercles encapsulate bacteria and elasticity of lungs is reduced

Question 26

Emphysema

Answer 26

Aveoli burst and fuse into enlarged air spaces; surface area for gas exchange is reduced

Question 27

Asthma

Answer 27

Airways are inflamed due to irritation, and bronchioles constrict due to muscle spasms

Question 28

Bronchitis

Answer 28

Airways are inflamed due to infection or irritation; coughing brings up mucus and pus

Question 29

Upper respiratory tract infections are ______ common than lower respiratory tract infections because of their ______ exposure to pathogens.

Answer 29

More, frequent

Question 30

The common cold is an infection caused by a(n) ______ and is characterized by sneezing, rhinitis, and a mild fever.

Answer 30

Virus

Question 31

Because there are ______ strains, an effective vaccine is ______.

Answer 31

Many, unlikely

Question 32

Inflammation of the pharynx is also called ______ and is often caused by the ______ Steptococcus pyogenes.

Answer 32

Pharyngitis, bacterium

Question 33

Also known as ______, these infections can develop into scarlet fever or rheumatic fever if left untreated.

Answer 33

strep throat

Question 34

Infections that reach the bronchi in the lower respiratory tract can result in ______, or short term inflammation of the bronchi.

Answer 34

Acute brinchitis

Question 35

If the inciting cause is not removed, ______ can develop.

Answer 35

Chronic bronchitis

Question 36

Both this disorder and emphysema are the leading causes of ______, marked by extreme difficulty breathing and susceptibility to infection.

Answer 36

COPD

Question 37

Viral, fungal, or bacterial infections of the lungs result in ______, marked by fluid or pus build up in the bronchi and alveoli, coughing, and difficulty breathing.

Answer 37

Pneumonia

Question 38

The disease tuberculosis also affects the lungs and is caused by an infection of a bacterium called ______.

Answer 38

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 39

Tuberculosis ______ a major problem in the US; It ______ a major problem in developing countries.

Answer 39

Is no, is

Question 40

Emphysema is a(n) ______ lung disorder that causes the ______ to become mishapen and damaged, preventing efficient gas exchange.

Answer 40

Incurable, alveoli

Question 41

Smoking causes ______ of lung cancers, as well as other cancers to include those of the mouth and respiratory tract.

Answer 41

90%

Question 42

Smoking is a ______ cause of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer. Cigarettes contain chemicals that ______ the air passage and lungs; a smoker might have one or all of these disorders or diseases.

Answer 42

Leading, irritate

Question 43

Emphysema is a chronic ______ disorder in which the ______ are damaged, leaving decreased available surface area for gas exchange.

Answer 43

Incurable, alveoli

Question 44

Lung cancer, first evident by the thickening and callusing of the cells lining the ______, can progress to the point at which a lobe must be removed.

Answer 44

Bronchi

Question 45

Progressed lung cancer, evident by ______, or spreading of the cancer to tissues beyond the lungs, requires chemotherapy and radiation. However, these treatments provide no guarantee and lung cancer often results in death.

Answer 45

Metastasis