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Child Development - Cognition & Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

What did Jean Piaget believe about cognitive development?

A

Intelligence is NOT a fixed trait

Cognitive development is a process which occurs due to biological maturation and interaction with the environment

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2
Q

How did Jean Piaget characterise age?

A

Age is characterised by the type of thinking that the children can engage in

It focuses on how they think, not what they know

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3
Q

What did Piaget say about genetic inheritance and intelligence?

A

Children are born with a inherited basic mental structure on which all subsequent learning and knowledge is based

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4
Q

What does Piaget’s theory state about stages of development?

A

There are discrete stages of development marked by qualitative differences

rather than a gradual increase in number and complexity of behaviours

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5
Q

What are the 3 underlying basic concepts of cognitive development?

A
  1. schemas
  2. adaptation processes that enable transition from one stage to another
  3. Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development
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6
Q

What is a schema?

A

It is a building block of knowledge that allows formation of a mental representation of the world

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7
Q

What do schemas relate to?

A

Each schema relates to one aspect of the world

It may be an object, action or abstract concept

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8
Q

How do we use schemas?

A

they are used to understand and respond to situations

we store mental representations and apply them when needed

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9
Q

How would a schema for buying food in a restaurant work?

A

the schema is a stored form of the pattern of behaviour which includes looking at a menu, ordering, paying, etc.

This type of schema is a script

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10
Q

What happens to schemas as a child gets older?

A

The schemas become more numerous and more elaborate

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11
Q

Are new-born babies born with any schemas?

A

Neonatal schemas underly innate reflexes

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12
Q

What are the 3 adaptation processes involved in intellectual growth?

A
  1. assimilation
  2. accommodation
  3. equilibration
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13
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Using an existing schema to deal with a new object or situation

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14
Q

What is accommodation?

A

When an existing schema does not work, it is changed to deal with a new object/situation

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15
Q

What is equilibration?

A

The force which moves development along

cognitive development progresses in leaps and bounds rather than a steady rate

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16
Q

What is the process that occurs when encountering a new situation?

A
  1. assimilation
  2. equilibration
  3. new situation
  4. disequilibrium
  5. accommodation
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17
Q

When does equilibrium occur?

A

When a child’s schemas can deal with most information through assimilation

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18
Q

When does disequilibrium occur?

A

When new information cannot be fitted into existing schemas

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19
Q

What are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development and at what age do they occur?

A

sensorimotor stage - birth - 2 years

pre-operational stage - 2 -7 years

concrete operational stage - 7 - 11 years

formal operational stage - 11 years onwards

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20
Q

How are children under 7 distinguished from those who are older?

A

Children over the age of 7 can engage in operational thinking

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21
Q

What is the main achievement during the sensorimotor stage?

What does it require?

A

Object permanence

It requires the ability to form a schema of the object

It is knowing the object still exists even if it is hidden

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22
Q

What age is object permanence achieved?

A

around 8 months

can arise as early as 4 months

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23
Q

How do children in the sensorimotor stage “think”?

A

They think only by doing

They get to know the physical environment through seeing and touching

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24
Q

What is the main achievement during the pre-operational stage?

A

Children begin to think about things symbolically

This is the ability to make one thing stand for something other than itself

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25
What is thinking like during the pre-operational stage?
Egocentric The child has a very self-centred view of the world and has difficulty taking the viewpoint of others
26
How do children focus on a particular situation during the pre-operational stage? What is this called?
They tend to focus on only one aspect of the situation and neglect other aspects which may be relevant Visual appearance of the situation is the primary factor Centration
27
What is the 3 mountain problem?
A child is asked to describe what a doll would be able to see from the other side of the mountain
28
What is the 3 mountain problem used to assess?
Whether a child is able to take other people's perspectives and whether they have developed theory of mind
29
What is theory of mind?
The capacity for children to understand that other individuals have different perspectives
30
At what age does theory of mind develop?
Around age 4 onwards
31
What begins to develop during the concrete operational stage?
Logical or operational thought The child can work things out in their head rather than physically trying things out
32
What is 'operation'?
The mental consideration of information in a logical manner
33
What is the main achievement during the concrete operational stage?
Conservation - Children can conserve number, mass and weight
34
What is conservation?
The understanding that something stays the same in quantity, even if its appearance changes
35
How is conservation of mass tested?
Taking 2 equal-sized clay balls and rolling one into a long thin structure A child under 7 will think the long clay structure contains more clay
36
How is conservation of volume tested?
Pouring water from a long, tall glass into a short, wide one
37
What is the main achievement during the formal operational stage?
Children can think about abstract concepts and logically test hypotheses
38
How is thinking different in the formal operational stage?
Children can consider alternatives in a situation and plan ahead
39
How is memory assessed in a baby?
1. placed under a mobile and the number of leg kicks in 2 mins is measured 2. string attaches baby to mobile 3. baby kicks more often as they learn that this will change the movement of the mobile 4. number of leg kicks is counted again 5. string removed in later memory test to see if they recall that kicks are related to mobile movement
40
What are the results of the baby memory test in children of different ages?
2 months - remember for 1 day 3 months - remember for 1 week 6 months - remember for 2 weeks +
41
At 8 months, what abilities does a child have?
1. they can obey simple requests 2. point to objects and can follow pointing gesture of adult 3. shake head or say "no" in refusal 4. develop self-recognition
42
What abilities does a child have at 8 months that have been observationally learnt?
1. hold a cup to a doll's mouth to mimic feeding | 2. demonstrate affection by hugging and kissing
43
Why does an 8 month old child show toes when these are named by the mother?
They recognise that a particular verbal sequence corresponds to a particular action even if they don't know the word They know they will receive positive feedback
44
What is self-recognition?
The child recognises that they have an identity which is different to everyone else
45
How is self-recognition assessed?
rouge test (mirror self-recognition test)
46
What happens in the rouge test?
child is placed in front of a mirror with a blob of paint on their face if they touch the mark, they have self-identity as they can recognise that they look different
47
What is IQ and what is it a measurement of?
Intelligence Quotient a measure of how a child's mental age corresponds with their chronological age
48
What is IQ used for in children?
1. To help assess their educational needs 2. predicting school performance 3. assessment following neurological trauma, learning disability or cognitive impairment
49
Why is IQ not used after the age of 16?
You cannot distinguish a mental age for adults It is only used for measuring a child's development
50
What type of distribution is shown by IQ scores?
normal distribution
51
What is used to assess adult IQ?
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
52
What are the drawbacks of IQ?
1. does not measure job success 2. it may not be a fixed quality and may fluctuate throughout life 3. influenced by environment and culture 4. doesn't measure competence or general skills 5. biased in favour of white, middle-class people
53
What is the main factor that leads to deficient performance in IQ tests?
stereotype threats due to negative stereotypes about ethnicity, gender or age
54
Who suggested measuring emotional intelligence rather than IQ?
Howard Gardner
55
What does emotional intelligence involve?
1. accurate perception and expression of emotions 2. ability to access and generate emotions 3. understanding emotions and emotional meanings of yourself and others 4. good emotional regulation
56
What is cerebral localisation?
the tendency for some neural functions or cognitive processes to be specialised to one side of the brain or the other
57
What is the role of the medial longitudinal fissure?
separates the brain into 2 distinct cerebral hemispheres which are connected by the corpus callosum
58
What was phrenology?
The study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental abilities
59
What is cerebral commissurotomy?
The "split-brain" procedure
60
When is the split-brain procedure used?
to control seizures in epilepsy patients when they cannot be controlled with anticonvulsants alone
61
What is involved in cerebral commissurotomy?
the corpus callosum is severed to alleviate the occurrence of seizures
62
What happens after a cerebral commissurotomy?
the 2 hemispheres do not exchange information as efficiently as before this leads to split-brain syndrome
63
how is the manual/verbal response of a split-brain patient assessed?
1. word "face" flashed to right field and patient asked what he saw 2. the left hemisphere is dominant for verbal processing, he gives correct answer 3. word flashed to left field 4. right hemisphere cannot share information so he cannot say the word but can draw it
64
Why is visual perception affected in split-brain patients?
left visual field goes to the right hemisphere and vice versa follows contralateral rule
65
How are chimeric faces used to measure processing of emotion?
Right hemisphere better at detecting emotional responses anything in the left field of view dominates the decision as to what the emotion is
66
What are the main functions of the left hemisphere?
1. complex language functions 2. complex logical activities 3. mathematical computations
67
What are the main functions of the right hemisphere?
1. simple language functions 2. spatial and pattern abilities 3. emotional recognition

I & P Year 1 (21 decks)

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