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My Flashcards Year 2 > Child health- neonatology > Flashcards

Child health- neonatology Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

what is considered as a preterm pregnancy

A

a birth that occurs before 37 completed weeks of gestation

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2
Q

what is considered as a term pregnancy

A

a birth that occurs between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation

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3
Q

what is considered as a post term pregnancy

A

a birth that occurs after 42 weeks gestation

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4
Q

what is the normal weight of a new born baby

A

2.5kg-4kg

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5
Q

during the 3rd trimester there is a daily weight gain of what?

A

24g per day

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6
Q

APGAR score-

A

taken 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth
appearance- colour
pulse
grimace (reflex)
activity (muscle tone)
respiration

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7
Q

what care should a baby receive immediately after birth

A

skin to skin contact
keep baby warm

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8
Q

it is important to give vitamin k to newborns to prevent what

A

hemorrhagic disease

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9
Q

babies are born deficient of what

A

vitamin K

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10
Q

what is classified as extreme, very preterm, and moderate-late preterm birth

A

extreme- under 28 weeks
very preterm- 28-32 weeks
moderate-late- 32-37 weeks

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11
Q

risk factors for premature births

A

> 2 preterm pregnancies increase risk of another by 70%
abnormal shaped uterus
multiple pregnancy (9x more likely)
interval of <6 months between pregnancies
IVF
smoking, alcohol, illicit drugs
poor nutrition, some chronic conditions (high bp, diabetes), multiple miscarriages or abortions

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12
Q

issues early in life of premature babies

A

respiratory distress syndrome
hypothermia
hypoglycaemia
poor feeding
poor growth and nutrition
apnoea and bradycardia
neonatal jaundice
intraventricular haemorrhage

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13
Q

long term effects of premature babies

A

chronic lung disease of prematurity
learning and behavioural difficulties
Susceptibility to infections, particularly respiratory tract infections
hearing and visual impairment
cerebral palsy
osteopenia of prematurity

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14
Q

what is a stillbirth

A

baby dies after 24 weeks pregnancy and before or during birth

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15
Q

risk factors for stillbirths

A

placental causes
intrauterine growth restriction
congenital abnormalities
common causes
nutrition and lifestyle factors
extremes of age
low socioeconomic class
multiple pregnancy
smoking, obesity
previous stillbirth

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16
Q

common causes of stillbirths

A

placental abruption
maternal and fetal infection
cord prolapse
idiopathic hypoxia-acidosis
uterine rupture

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17
Q

most important modifiable risk factors for stillbirths

A

obesity
smoking

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18
Q

lifestyle advice to reduce stillbirth risk

A

sleep on side during 3rd trimester
quit smoking, avoid alcohol and drugs
stay a healthy weight during pregnancy
‘look after yourself’- attend checkups, get flu vaccine etc
If experiencing leaking fluid/vaginal discharge during pregnancy contact the hospital immediately

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19
Q

early onset neonatal sepsis causative organisms

A

group b streptococcus
gram negatives

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20
Q

late onset neonatal sepsis causative organisms

A

coagulase negative staphylococcus
gram negatives
staph aureus

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21
Q

what is jaundice

A

jaundice is the yellow colouring of the skin and sclera caused by excess bilirubin

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22
Q

how many babies are born with neonatal jaundice

A

60% of term babies
80% of preterm babies

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23
Q

how many term breastfed babies are jaundiced at 1 month

24
Q

causes of unconjugated neonatal jaundice

Study These Flashcards
A

physiological- normal
breast milk jaundice- healthy baby, resolves 1.5-4months
haemolysis
infections- sepsis
inherited causes
intestinal obstruction

25
causes of conjugated neonatal jaundice
biliary atresia TPN hypothyroidism genetic conditions eg cystic fibrosis, trisomy 21
26
when is neonatal jaundice classed as prolonged jaundice
over 14 days in term babies over 21 days in a preterm baby
27
jaundice in the first 24 hours of life=
pathological- needs urgent investigations and management
28
management of early neonatal jaundice
phototherapy adequate hydration treat underlying cause
29
what is the biggest risk factor for stillbirth
intrauterine growth restriction
30
what is biliary atresia
paediatric condition involving either obliteration or discontinuity within the extrahepatic biliary system, which results in an obstruction of the flow of bile
31
is biliary atresia more common in females/males
females
32
when do the perinatal and postnatal forms of biliary atresia occur
perinatal- first two weeks of life postnatal- first two to eight weeks of life
33
types of biliary atresia
type I- common duct type ii- common hepatic ducts type iii- entire extrahepatic biliary system
34
symptoms of biliary atresia
jaundice extending longer than 2 weeks dark urine and pale stools appetite and growth disturbance
35
signs of biliary atresia
jaundice hepatomegaly with splenomegaly abnormal growth cardiac murmurs
36
conjugated/unconjugated bilirubin is high in biliary atresia?
conjugated bilirubin high
37
definitive treatment of biliary atresia
surgical intervention
38
respiratory distress syndrome affects how many infants born before 29 weeks
75%- born before the lungs start producing adequate surfactant
39
clinical features of respiratory distress syndrome in newborns
tachypnoea grunting intercostal recessions nasal flaring cyanosis
40
management of respiratory distress syndrome in newborns
maternal steroid surfactant replacement ventilation (non-invasive preferred over invasive)
41
what is neonatal abstinence syndrome
refers to the withdraw symptoms that happens in neonates of mothers that used substances in pregnancy
42
substances that cause neonatal abstinence syndrome
opiates methadone benzodiazopines cocaine amphetamines nicotine/canabis alcohol SSRI antidepressants
43
clinical features of neonatal abstinence syndrome
CNS- irritability, tremors, seizures vasomotor and resp- sweating, unstable temperature, tachypnoea metabolic and GI- poor feeding, regurgitation/vomiting, hypoglycaemia
44
NAS- how long are babies kept in hospital after birth to monitor
at least 3 days (48 hrs for SSRI antidepressants) to monitor for signs of withdrawal
45
what is neonatal hypoglycaemia defined as
BGL <2.6mmol/l
46
risk factors for neonatal hypoglycaemia
pre term small for age low birth weight infants of diabetic mothers hypothermia feeding infection/sepsis neontal abstinence syndrome
47
clinical features of neonatal hypoglycaemia
lethargy jitteriness seizure activity
48
what helps prevent hypoglycaemia
early feed and keeping baby warm
49
what is birth asphyxia
occurs when a baby doesn't receive enough oxygen before, during, or just after birth
50
causes of birth asphyxia
maternal shock intrapartum haemorrhage prolapsed cord nuchal cord- cord wrapped round neck of baby
51
complication of birth asphyxia
hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy
52
neonatal hypotonia aka
floppy baby- baby with low muscle tone
53
language milestones- no of letters each month!
2 months- co 4 months- haha 6 months- babble 9 months- mummy dada 12 months- 1+ words
54
gross motor milestones- tune of happy birthday!
2 months old raise your head, 4 months old roll over Fred, 6 months sit up, 9 months crawl, 12 months walk and that's all
55
social milestones- first letter in each milestone!
2 months- twinkle (smile) 4 months- focuses on sound 6 months- stranger anxiety 9 months- name (responds) 12 months- told commands (responds)

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