FOM2

Question 1

isevere vomiting can lead to what acid-base disturbance

Answer 1

metabolic alkalosis

Question 2

severe anxiety can cause which acid base disturbance

Answer 2

respiratory alkalosis

Question 3

renal failure primarily causes which acid base disturbance

Answer 3

metabolic acidosis

Question 4

what is the inheritance pattern of Huntingtons disease

Answer 4

autosomal dominant

Question 5

what is the inheritance pattern of Marfan syndrome

Answer 5

autosomal dominant

Question 6

Duchenne muscular dystrophy follows which disease inheritance

Answer 6

x-linked recessive

Question 7

what is the inheritance pattern of sickle cell anaemia

Answer 7

autosomal recessive

Question 8

what is the inheritance pattern of thalassaemia

Answer 8

autosomal recessive

Question 9

what pattern of inheritance does cystic fibrosis follow

Answer 9

autosomal recessive

Question 10

what genetic test is used to confirm Down syndrome

Answer 10

karotyping

Question 11

which genetic mutation is most commonly associated with cystic fibrosis

Answer 11

CFTR gene

Question 12

What is the enzyme responsible for the conjugation of bilirubin in the liver?

Answer 12

UDP-glucuronyltransferase

Question 13

what is the most likely viral cause of croup

Answer 13

parainfluenza virus

Question 14

which cell mediates type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 14

T cell mediated

Question 15

A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus develops glomerulonephritis. What type of hypersensitivity is involved?

Answer 15

type III

Question 16

which hypersensitivity reaction occurs in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

Answer 16

type II

Question 17

what are the key features for innate immunity

Answer 17

fast
non-specific
immediate response
no memory

Question 18

which cells are the first to respond to infection

Answer 18

neutrophils

Question 19

Which cytokines mediate inflammation in the innate response?

Answer 19

IL-1
IL-6
TNF-a

Question 20

What is the role of dendritic cells?

Answer 20

antigen presenting cells that link innate to adaptive immunity

Question 21

what are the key features for adaptive immunity

Answer 21

specific
slower
memory forming
improves with exposure

Question 22

what are the 2 main cell types involved in adaptive immunity

Answer 22

B cells
T cells

Question 23

Which MHC class presents to CD4+ T cells?

Answer 23

MHC class II (on APCs)

Question 24

Which MHC class presents to CD8+ T cells?

Answer 24

MHC class I (on all nucleated cells)

Question 25

What is the gram stain of Staph aureus?

Answer 25

gram positive cocci in clusters

Question 26

most common cause of common cold

Answer 26

rhinovirus

Question 27

What virus causes infectious mononucleosis?

Answer 27

epstein barr virus (EBV)

Question 28

what cells dominate acute inflammation

Answer 28

neutrophils

Question 29

what cells dominate chronic inflammation

Answer 29

plasma cells macrophages lymphocytes

Question 30

which key mediators cause vasodilation

Answer 30

histamine prostaglandins nitric oxide

Question 31

what is incidence

Answer 31

number of new cases in a population over a period of time

Question 32

what is prevalence

Answer 32

total number of cases (new and existing) over a given period of time

Question 33

what is sensitivity

Answer 33

the ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease (true positive rate)

Question 34

what is specificity

Answer 34

the ability of a test to correctly identify those without the disease (true negative rate)

Question 35

What is lead-time bias in screening?

Answer 35

apparent increase in survival due to earlier diagnosis, not actual improvements in outcome

Question 36

What is herd immunity?

Answer 36

When enough of a population is immune (via vaccination or prior infection) that disease spread is unlikely.

Question 37

What is the difference between equality and equity in health?

Answer 37

Equality: same resources for everyone Equity: resources based on individual needs to ensure equal outcomes

Question 38

What is a cohort study?

Answer 38

an observational study where participants are grouped by exposure and followed over a period of time to see who develops the outcome

Question 39

What is a case-control study?

Answer 39

An observational study where participants are grouped by outcome status, and past exposures are compared

Question 40

relative risk formula (RR)

Answer 40

RR= risk in exposed group/ risk in unexposed group

Question 41

A mother is a carrier for an X-linked recessive disorder. The father is unaffected. What is the chance their son will be affected?

Answer 41

50%

Question 42

X-linked recessive diseases- what are the chance of female and male carriers passing on to children

Answer 42

female carriers- 50% daughters affected, 50% sons affected male carriers- all daughters affected, no sons affected

Question 43

A 47, XXY karyotype is identified. What condition does this indicate?

Answer 43

Klinifelter syndrome

Question 44

Which enzyme is directly responsible for synthesising RNA during transcription?

Answer 44

RNA polymerase

Question 45

which organism is the most common cause of septic arthritis in adults

Answer 45

staph aureus

Question 46

Which organism is most commonly responsible for necrotising fasciitis?

Answer 46

strep pyogenes