formative questions

Question 1

which cell is the primary source of testosterone production

Answer 1

leydig cell

Question 2

what are the resident cells within cartilage called

Answer 2

chondrocytes

Question 3

what is the appropriate diagnostic investigation to perform on someone with suspected sepsis arthritis

Answer 3

aspiration of synovial fluid

Question 4

what should patients with systemic sclerosis have yearly screening for

Answer 4

pulmonary involvement- pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis (later complication)

Question 5

the median nerve supplies which three muscles of the hand

Answer 5

opponens pollicis
abductor pollicis brevis
flexor pollicis brevis

Question 6

management of displaced intracapsular hip fractures

Answer 6

hemi-athroplasty or total hip replacement

Question 7

management of undisplaced intracapsular hip fractures

Answer 7

compression hip screw

Question 8

management of extracapsular intertrochenteric hip fractures

Answer 8

DHS screw

Question 9

management of extra capsular subtrochenteric hip fractures

Answer 9

IM nail

Question 10

colles fracture is a fracture of the distal radius with dorsal/volar angulation?

Answer 10

colles- dorsal
smiths- volar

Question 11

which special test is used in clinical examination for plantar fasciitis

Answer 11

windlass test

Question 12

which injury is the Simmonds test used to diagnose

Answer 12

achilles tendonitis

Question 13

which special test is used to diagnose shoulder impingement

Answer 13

the hawkins-kennedy test

Question 14

which injury is the Thomas test used to diagnose

Answer 14

fixed flexion deformity of the hip

Question 15

the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage is synthesised by what

Answer 15

chondrocytes

Question 16

the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage is influenced by what

Answer 16

proteolytic enzymes

Question 17

which tissue in the hand does dupuytrens contracture primarily affect

Answer 17

palmar fascia

Question 18

what is the mechanism of action of ibuprofen

Answer 18

act as an antagonist at COX-2, which decreases conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E2

Question 19

the chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate is predominantly characterised by which cells

Answer 19

plasma cells
lymphocytes

Question 20

which structure provides the majority of the ejaculate volume

Answer 20

seminal vesicles

Question 21

Which drug used to treat Type 2 Diabetes works by inhibiting a brush border enzyme in
the small intestine responsible for the absorption of disaccharides?

Answer 21

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor e.g acarbose

Question 22

What is the major metabolic change that stimulates the secretion of growth hormone?

Answer 22

A decrease in plasma glucose levels

Question 23

Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type 1 is characterised by the
presence of 2 of 3 major clinical symptoms:

Answer 23

Addison disease, and/or hypoparathyroidism,
and/or chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

Question 24

what is the risk of parent passing type 1 diabetes onto offspring

Answer 24

5-8%

Question 25

what is the risk of Monogenic Diabetes (MODY)- glucokinase mutation being passed onto offspring if present in parent

Answer 25

50%

Question 26

current guidelines suggest stopping metformin when eGFR levels are less than what

Answer 26

<30

Question 27

what is the management of venous ulcers

Answer 27

compression bandage

Question 28

Which are the first nodes to receive lymph from superficial structures of the medial aspect of the leg?

Answer 28

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

Question 29

a patient undergoes thyroid surgery and wakes up with a horse voice- which nerve is likely to have been damaged during the operation

Answer 29

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 30

A 23 year old is involved in a road traffic accident and has a laceration through the cheek. On examination of his face he cant close his eye. - Which cranial nerve is likely to be damaged?

Answer 30

facial nerve- zygomatic branch

Question 31

the secondary structure of proteins arise from which bonds formed between atoms of the polypeptide backbone?

Answer 31

hydrogen bonds

Question 32

keratin is an example of which type of protein

Answer 32

a structural protein

Question 33

which bonds are important for stabilising the tertiary structure of proteins

Answer 33

disulphide bonds

Question 34

The triple-helix configuration of collagen gives it greater/weaker tensile strength

Answer 34

greater tensile strength

Question 35

Plasmodium falciparum is a fungus/protozoa?

Answer 35

protozoa

Question 36

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-positive/gram-negative bacterium that is found where?

Answer 36

gram negative in the bowel

Question 37

PCR can be used to identify live and dead bacteria, true/false?

Answer 37

true

Question 38

Enterobacteriaceae is a family of Gram-negative/gram-positive bacteria normally found where?

Answer 38

gram positive gut

Question 39

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoa that infects nearly a third of the worlds population- true/false?

Answer 39

true

Question 40

a benign tumour of adipose tissue is called what

Answer 40

lipoma

Question 41

an adenoma is a benign tumour of which cells

Answer 41

epithelial cells

Question 42

a benign tumour of skeletal muscle is called what

Answer 42

rhabdomyoma

Question 43

do ACE inhibitors increase/reduce preload and after load

Answer 43

ACE inhibitors reduce preload and afterload

Question 44

does Venodilation increase/reduce venous return of blood to the heart

Answer 44

reduce

Question 45

do positive inotropes increase/decrease the force of contraction to the heart

Answer 45

increase

Question 46

do diuretics increase/reduce preload

Answer 46

reduce preload by reducing blood volume through diuresis

Question 47

what is an enzyme with a cofactor called

Answer 47

holoenzyme

Question 48

what is an enzyme without a cofactor called

Answer 48

apoenzyme

Question 49

what is the sequence of events in primary haemostasis when forming platelet plug

Answer 49

vasoconstriction- platelet adhesion- platelet activation- platelet aggregation

Question 50

role of enzyme helicase in DNA replication

Answer 50

Helicase is an enzyme that unwinds the two strands of DNA during replication

Question 51

role of enzyme ligase in DNA replication

Answer 51

Ligase is the enzyme that joins fragments of DNA during replication

Question 52

anaplastic features strongly suggest what?

Answer 52

malignant growth

Question 53

the grade of a tumour determines what

Answer 53

how differentiated it is

Question 54

the stage of a tumour determines what

Answer 54

measure of spread

Question 55

what are comminuted fractures

Answer 55

fractures that occur in more than two places typically caused by severe trauma including RTA

Question 56

when do spiral fractures occur

Answer 56

during rotational movements

Question 57

Which nerve is most likely injured in a mid-shaft humeral fracture?

Answer 57

ulnar nerve

Question 58

What is the most common primary malignant bone tumour in young people?

Answer 58

osteosarcoma

Question 59

A young man presents with anterior shoulder dislocation. What is the most commonly injured nerve?

Answer 59

axillary nerve

Question 60

Which spinal pathology is characterised by "bamboo spine" on X-ray?

Answer 60

ankylosing spondylitis

Question 61

What antibody test is most sensitive for SLE

Answer 61

ANA

Question 62

what is a monteggia fracture

Answer 62

fracture of the proximal third of ulna and dislocation of proximal head of radius

Question 63

what is a galeazzi fracture

Answer 63

fracture of the distal third of radius and dislocation of radioulnar joint

Question 64

what is a nightstick fracture

Answer 64

isolated fracture of ulna shaft

Question 65

which enzyme is deficient in acute intermittent porphyria

Answer 65

Porphobilinogen deaminase

Question 66

which enzyme is deficient in porphyria cutanea tarda

Answer 66

Uroporphophyrinogen decarboxylase

Question 67

which enzyme is deficient in Erythropoietic protoporphria

Answer 67

Ferrochelatase

Question 68

Homologous recombination (HR) is a major pathway for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks true/false?

Answer 68

true

Question 69

The cyclins are a family of proteins whose concentration increases throughout the cell cycle, true/false?

Answer 69

false- The cyclins are a family of proteins whose concentration increases and decreases throughout the cell cycle

Question 70

The interval between the end of mitosis and beginning of the next is called what?

Answer 70

interphase

Question 71

The cell is metabolically active/inactive during interphase?

Answer 71

active

Question 72

During anaphase, centromeres split transversely/longitudinally

Answer 72

longitudinally

Question 73

Which test is most helpful in confirming the diagnosis of beta-thalassaemia trait

Answer 73

HBA2 quantification