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My Flashcards Year 2 > Haem- physiology and pathophysiology > Flashcards

Haem- physiology and pathophysiology Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

what is blood

A

a specialised fluid (tissue) composed of cells suspended in a liquid (plasma)

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2
Q

three types of blood cells

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

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3
Q

what is haematopoiesis

A

production of blood cells

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4
Q

site of Haematopoiesis in an embryo

A

yolk sac (stops by week 10)
then liver (starts by week 6)
then marrow (starts by week 16)
3rd-7th month in the spleen

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5
Q

site of Haematopoiesis at birth

A

mostly bone marrow, liver and spleen when needed

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6
Q

site of Haematopoiesis from birth to maturity

A

number of active sites in bone marrow decreases but retain ability for haematopoiesis

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7
Q

site of Haematopoiesis in adults

A

haematopoiesis restricted to skull, ribs, sternum, pelvis, proximal ends of femur (axial skeleton)

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8
Q

different types of white blood cells

A

granulocytes
monocytes
lymphocytes

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9
Q

examples of granulocytes

A

eosinophils
basophils
neutrophils

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10
Q

neutrophils granules

A

neutral staining granules

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11
Q

function of neutrophils

A

immediate defence cell- phagocytosis

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12
Q

most abundant white blood cell

A

neutrophils

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13
Q

neutrophils nucleus

A

segmented nucleus

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14
Q

eosinophils nucleus

A

bilobed nucleus

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15
Q

eosinophils granules

A

bright orange/red granules

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16
Q

function of eosinophils

A

fight parasitic infections
involved in hypersensitivity- allergies

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17
Q

basophils granules

A

large deep purple granules obscuring nucleus
contain histamine

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18
Q

largest type of white blood cell

A

monocyte

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19
Q

monocytes become-

A

macrophages

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20
Q

which cell is longer lived- monocytes/neutrophils

A

monocytes

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21
Q

what is immunophenotyping

A

expression profile of proteins (antigens) on the surface of cells

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22
Q

what are bioassays

A

culture in vitro and show lineage of progeny in different growth conditions

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23
Q

common sites for bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

A

posterior iliac crests/sternum
tibia in children

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24
Q

RBCs structure

A

biconcave disc
flexible

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25
PROS AND CONS of RBCs being full of haemoglobin
pros- carries oxygen cons- high oncotic pressure, oxygen rich environment (oxidation risk)
26
PROS AND CONS of RBCs having no nucleus
pros- more deformable, and more room for Hb molecules cons- can’t divide, can’t replace damaged proteins - limited lifespan
27
PROS AND CONS of RBCs high surface area/volume ratio
pros- gas exchange cons- need to keep water out
28
PROS AND CONS of RBCs flexibility
pros- to squeeze through capillaries cons- specialied membrane requirements that can go wrong
29
structure of haemoglobin
tetrameric globular protein one haem group attached to each globular chain
30
which is the major form of haemoglobin present in adults
HbA
31
HbA structure
2 alpha chains 2 beta chains
32
HbA2 structure
2 alpha chains 2 delta chains
33
HbF (fetal haemoglobin) structure
2 alpha chains 2 gamma chains
34
alpha like genes are on chromosome _
16
35
beta like genes are on chromosome _
11
36
functions of haemoglobin
delivers oxygen to tissues acts as a buffer for H+ CO2 transport
37
what is erythropoiesis
production of red blood cells
38
where does red cell destruction usually take place
spleen (and liver)
39
average lifespan of a red blood cell
120 days
40
carbon dioxide transport distribution
10% disolved in solution 30% bound to carbamino-Hb 60% bicarbonate
41
oxygen dissociation curve for Hb shape
sigmoidal
42
neutrophils lifespan
7-8 hours
43
platelets lifespan
7-10 days
44
where do haemopoietic stem cells originate embryonically
mesoderm
45
what is bone marrow
a complex organ surrounded by a shell of bone with a neurovascular supply
46
increase in yellow/red marrow with age
yellow- inactive marrow
47
ferric form of iron
Fe3+
48
ferrous form of iron
Fe2+
49
where does iron absorption mainly occur
duodenum
50
how many oxygen molecules can each haemoglobin bind
up to 4
51
how much atoms of iron does each haemoglobin molecule contain
4
52
how do the oxygen saturation curves of foetal Hb and myoglobin compare to that of adult Hb
both are shifted to the left of that of adult Hb
53
cooperative binding occurs between which molecules during oxygen transport
oxygen binding to haem
54
what does 2-3 DPG binding promote
the release of oxygen from haemoglobin
55
what is the effect of 2-3 DPG on the oxygen saturation curve
shifts the curve to the right
56
-penia =
shortage of
57
-cytosis or -phillia =
an excess
58
platelets nucleus
anucleate
59
where are platelets formed
in marrow
60
For a day or two the new red cell looks a bit more blue than older ones on the blood film. Why?
The more immature cells have some RNA in them still
61
what is Malignant haemopoiesis usually characterised by
increased numbers of abnormal and dysfunctional cells loss of normal activity
62
Malignant haemopoiesis due to
Increased proliferation Lack of differentiation/maturation Lack of apoptosis
63
what do driver mutations do
confer growth advantage on the cells and are selected during evolution of the cancer
64
what are passenger mutations
happen to be present in an ancester of the cancer cell when it acquired one of its drivers- 'bystander'
65
what are ‘clones’
population of cells derived from a single parent cell
66
types of lymphocytes
B cells T cells- T helper cells, T cytotoxic cells NK cells
67
Predominant B cell immune response-
autoimmune conditions infection
68
Predominant T cell immune response
viral infections, drugs e.g. phenytoin, dermatopathic
69
what is Troiseries sign
Virchows node- enlargement of a left-sided supraclavicular lymph node indicating metastasis from an abdominal malignancy
70
what is a sentinel lymph node
the first lymph node to which cancer cells are most likely to spread
71
spleen location
located high in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen
72
spleens vascular supply
Supplied by splenic artery and drained by splenic vein
73
function of the spleen
acts as a filter for the blood
74
features of hyposplenism in the blood
Howell-Jolly bodies
75
monocyte nucleus
single nucleus that is usually kidney-shaped, but can also be round, folded, indented, or horseshoe-shaped
76
philadelphia chromosome
t (9:22)
77
where are mast cells derived from
common myeloid progenitor cells
78
What usually stimulates platelet production
thrombopoietin
79
what factors shift oxygen dissociation curve to the right (think CADET shift right)
>Co2 >acid (2-3DPG >Exercise >temperature

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