Derm- common rashes

Question 1

what is atopic dermatitis

Answer 1

eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that causes the skin to become itchy, red, dry, and sometimes cracked or blistered

Question 2

reaction pattern of eczema

Answer 2

spongiotic

Question 3

eczema is caused by a combination of which main three factors

Answer 3

< skin barrier function
environmental factors
immunology

Question 4

in eczema there is mutations in fillagrin gene resulting in what?

Answer 4

decreased AMP in skin

Question 5

what is ananthosis

Answer 5

thickening of the epidermis

Question 6

diagnostic criteria of atopic dermatitis is itching plus 3 or more of:

Answer 6

visible flexural rash
history of flexural rash
personal history of atopy
dry skin
age onset before 2

Question 7

when does atopic dermatitis present

Answer 7

in childhood

Question 8

what is allergic contact dermatitis

Answer 8

Delayed type IV allergy to an antigen

Question 9

how long after exposure does reaction occur in allergic contact dermatitis

Answer 9

24-48 hours after exposure

Question 10

investigation for allergic contact dermatitis

Answer 10

patch test- allergen on finn chambers, applied on back, removed after 48 hours, readings at 48 and 96 hours

Question 11

what is irritant contact dermatitis

Answer 11

Eczema due to contact with an irritant

Question 12

secondary infection- crusting in eczema indicates which causative agent?

Answer 12

Staph. aureus impetigo

Question 13

secondary infection- Monomorphic punched-out lesions indicates which causative agent?

Answer 13

Herpes simplex virus- eczema herpeticum

Question 14

what is psoriasis

Answer 14

chronic autoimmune disorder characterised by well-demarcated, erythematous, scaly plaques

Question 15

what are the two age peaks in psoriasis incidences

Answer 15

20s
50s

Question 16

Precipitating factors for psoriasis

Answer 16

stress
trauma
alcohol and smoking
infection- strep throat
drugs- beta blockers, lithium, antimalarial drugs

Question 17

common sites for psoriasis

Answer 17

scalp
elbows
knees

Question 18

systemic therapy in psoriasis

Answer 18

eg methotrexate, biologics

Question 19

Guttate psoriasis appearance

Answer 19

multiple small, tear dropped shaped, erythematous plaques on the trunk

Question 20

cause of Guttate psoriasis

Answer 20

streptococcal infection in young adults

Question 21

treatment of Guttate psoriasis

Answer 21

reassurance and a topical emollient

Question 22

first line treatment in psoriasis

Answer 22

potent topical corticosteroid and topical vitamin D preparations

Question 23

nail changes associated with psoriasis

Answer 23

nail pitting
Onycholysis
Subungual hyperkeratosis (thickening of nail bed)
“oil-drop” lesions

Question 24

side effects of ciclosporin (5 Hs)

Answer 24

hypertrophy of the gums
hypertrichosis
hypertension
hyperkalaemia
hyperglycaemia (diabetes)

Question 25

most common lichenoid disorder

Answer 25

lichen planus

Question 26

what are lichenoid disorders

Answer 26

conditions characterised by damage to basal epidermis

Question 27

recognised triggers of lichen planus

Answer 27

hep c infection allergic contact dermatitis localised skin injury/infection medications

Question 28

nail involvement in lichen planus

Answer 28

longitudinal ridging

Question 29

where do cutaneous lichen planus lesions typically appear

Answer 29

flexor aspects of the wrist and ankles

Question 30

what is acne vulgaris

Answer 30

common chronic disorder of the pilo-sebaceous unit, resulting in blockage of the follicle, formation of comedones and inflammation

Question 31

appearance of lichen planus (5 Ps)

Answer 31

purple pruritic papular polygonal planar (flat topped)

Question 32

what are comodones

Answer 32

blackheads/whiteheads- buildup of keratin and sebum

Question 33

what is acne rosacea

Answer 33

common skin condition characterised by facial flushing that may be triggered by a number of factors

Question 34

who does acne rosacea most commonly affect

Answer 34

middle aged women, particularly those with a fair complexion

Question 35

rosacea triggers

Answer 35

sunlight alcohol spicy foods stress

Question 36

what is Rhinophymatous rosacea

Answer 36

subtype of rosacea more common in men- swollen, bulbous nose with enlarged sebaceous glands and prominent hair follicles

Question 37

first line treatment for papulopustular rosacea

Answer 37

topical ivermectin once daily for 8–12 weeks

Question 38

alternatives to topical ivermectin for papulopustular rosacea

Answer 38

topical metronidazole or topical azelaic acid applied twice daily

Question 39

first line treatment for rosacea

Answer 39

topical brimonidine 0.5% gel once daily on an 'as needed' basis, for temporary relief of symptoms

Question 40

medical treatment of eczema

Answer 40

1. emollients 2. topical steroids 3. phototherapy- UVB 4. systemic immunosuppressants 5. biologic agents

Question 41

which gene is affected in atopic dermatitis

Answer 41

filaggrin gene

Question 42

what is discoid eczema

Answer 42

eczema in circle/oval patches

Question 43

other types of eczema which are often atopic too

Answer 43

discoid eczema photosensitive eczema

Question 44

common term used to describe a mild, non-inflamed form of seborrheic dermatitis

Answer 44

dandruff

Question 45

what is Auspitz’ sign

Answer 45

removing scale reveals pin-point bleeding (psoriasis)

Question 46

what is keobener phenomenon

Answer 46

psoriasis may develop in sites of trauma- 2-6 weeks after trauma sustained - catches, burns (+sunburn), other dermatoses, surgical trauma

Question 47

what is a flexural rash

Answer 47

a skin rash that appears in the creases of the body, such as the elbows and knees

Question 48

what is herpes labialis

Answer 48

a cold sore

Question 49

moderate acne treatment

Answer 49

topical treatment and oral antibiotics/dianette

Question 50

severe acne treatment

Answer 50

isotretinoin (roaccutane)

Question 51

what is pityriasis rosea

Answer 51

a self limiting rash that resolves after 10 weeks characterised by a herald patch and fir-tree pattern eruption

Question 52

pityriasis rosea triggers

Answer 52

viruses- covid 19, flu etc drugs- gold, ACEi, penicillamine, biologics vaccines- hep b, pneumococca

Question 53

what is a 'herald patch'

Answer 53

red-pink oval/discoid plaque with scale on trunk/upper arm/thigh

Question 54

which drug used to treat acne should be avoided during pregnancy

Answer 54

topical isotretinoin (roaccutane)

Question 55

which topical antibiotics used to treat acne should be avoided when breastfeeding

Answer 55

tetracyclines eg doxycycline, tetracycline

Question 56

what are open comedones

Answer 56

blackheads

Question 57

what are closed comedones

Answer 57

whiteheads

Question 58

examples of drugs that may tigger psoriasis

Answer 58

beta blockers lithium anti-malarial drugs

Question 59

parakeratosis is seen in histology of psoriasis, what is parakeratosis?

Answer 59

presence of nuclei in keratin layer

Question 60

how long does it take for skin cells to be replaced in a normal individual compared to someone with psoriasis?

Answer 60

normal- 3-4 weeks psoriasis- 3-7 days

Question 61

what is seen in the histology of psoriasis

Answer 61

acanthosis- thickened epidermis parakeratosis- presence of nuclei in keratin layer

Question 62

what are Wickham's striae

Answer 62

white lacy lines on the surface- seen in lichen planus

Question 63

what are features of oral lichen planus

Answer 63

ulceration wickhams striae burning sensation on eating

Question 64

histological features of lichen planus

Answer 64

irregular sawtooth acanthosis hypergranulosis orthohyperkeratosis cytoid bodies

Question 65

what is orthohyperkeratosis

Answer 65

thickening of the keratin layer characterized by an increase in keratinocytes that are fully differentiated- do not retain nuclei

Question 66

what is tinea

Answer 66

tinea is a superficial fungal infection of the skin caused by dermatophytes, a group of fungi that invade and grow in dead keratin, commonly referred to as 'ringworm'

Question 67

what is tinea commonly known as

Answer 67

ringworm

Question 68

what is tinea pedis

Answer 68

athletes foot

Question 69

what investigation should be carried out before and after treatment of oral antifungals

Answer 69

liver function tests- oral antifungals can cause jaundice, cholestasis, and hepatitis

Question 70

what is molluscum contagiosum

Answer 70

common, contagious skin infection caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus, a member if the poxvirus family

Question 71

how is molluscum spread

Answer 71

direct skin-to-skin contact

Question 72

who does molluscum most often occur in

Answer 72

children and people who are immunocompromised

Question 73

which children are more susceptible to molluscum

Answer 73

children with eczema

Question 74

where is molluscum most commonly found in adults

Answer 74

genitals- from STI

Question 75

what family is the molluscum contagiosum virus apart of

Answer 75

poxvirus family

Question 76

how long does molluscum usually take to resolve

Answer 76

within 18 months

Question 77

what is acanthosis nigricans

Answer 77

a skin condition characterised by a velvety papillomatous overgrowth of the epidermis

Question 78

causes of acanthosis nigricans

Answer 78

T2DM GI cancer obesity polycystic ovarian syndrome acromegaly cushings syndrome hypothyroidism familial Prader-Willi syndrome drugs- COCP

Question 79

what is folliculitis

Answer 79

Folliculitis refers to the inflammation of a hair follicle that results in the formation of papules or pustules, commonly known as 'pimples'

Question 80

most common bacterial infection causing folliculitis

Answer 80

staph aureus

Question 81

particular form of folliculitis often seen in HIV patients

Answer 81

eosinophilic folliculitis

Question 82

what is urticaria

Answer 82

urticaria describes a local or general superficial swelling of the skin

Question 83

most common cause of urticaria

Answer 83

allergy

Question 84

what is urticaria aka

Answer 84

hives

Question 85

first line treatment of urticaria (hives)

Answer 85

non-sedating antihistamines (eg loratadine, cetirizine)

Question 86

4 most common drugs known for precipitating to urticaria

Answer 86

NSAIDs aspirin penicillin opioids

Question 87

what antibiotics used to treat acne are safe during pregnancy/breastfeeding

Answer 87

trimethoprim erythromycin

Question 88

what antibiotics are used to treat acne for patients under 12 years old

Answer 88

clarithromycin erythromycin

Question 89

where is the location of tinea barbae

Answer 89

beard

Question 90

where is the location of tinea capitis

Answer 90

head (cap)

Question 91

where is the location of tinea corporis

Answer 91

body (corp)

Question 92

where is the location of tinea manuum

Answer 92

hand

Question 93

where is the location of tinea unguium

Answer 93

nail

Question 94

where is the location of tinea cruris

Answer 94

groin