CHILDHOOD DISORDERS Flashcards
(33 cards)
Whats the problems as u grow older?
Neurodevelopmetal disorders
Behavioural problems
Anxiety disorders
Psychotic disorders
Mood disorders
Whats the two types of psychology in behavioural disorders?
Oppositional defiant disorder
Conduct disorder
Whats oppositional - defiant disorder Conduct?
Pattern of angry/ irritable mood, argumentative/ defiant behaviour or vindicitivness’
Whats conduct disorder?
Involves serious behaviours that violate the right of others or societal norms
Examples of ODD?
- loosing temper, arguing and defying rules
- deliberately annoying/ being easily annoyed
- shifting blame, being angry and or resentful
Examples of conduct disorder?
- bullying and threatening/ intimidating others
- physical fighting, cruelty towards people or animals
- stealing, destroying property
- running away, truancy, fire setting
What are the risk factors in child disorders?
- Genetic factors (twin studies) and familial psychopathology,
- Neurocognitive deficits: executive functioning, emotion recognition,
- Abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala,
temperamental/personality predispositions (e.g., impulsivity, poor emotion regulation) - Socioeconomic deprivation and inequality
- Parenting (e.g., ineffective discipline, low levels of support, parental rejection or neglect/abuse, poor supervision)
- Peer relationships (e.g., association with deviant peers, peer rejection,
being bullied), - Stressful life events (e.g., death of caregiver, parental divorce)school climate and neighbourhood (e.g., high levels of exposure to violence)
Interventions in child disorders?
Treatment categories
Problem-solving skills training (cognitive),
Behaviour management,
Parent management training - PMT (i.e., parenting interventions/programmes),
Family-based (e.g., functional family therapy),
PMT common strategies are to teach parents how to:
Improve the quality of parent-child interactions,
Use more effective discipline strategies,
- Early family/parent training programmes are an effective evidence-based strategy for addressing behavioural difficulties/disorders,
- Parent, child, and multicomponent interventions are more effective than the
control conditions (Epstein et al., 2015
Examples of neurodevelopmetal disorders?
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder adhd
Autism spectrum disorder asd
Intellectual developmental communication specific motor and tic
What is intellecectual developmental disorder?
Characterised by deficits in general mental
abilities (e.g., reasoning, problem solving,
abstract thinking) that impact adaptive
functioning (e.g., personal independence, social
responsibility)
What’s communication disorder?
Characterised by deficits in general mental
abilities (e.g., reasoning, problem solving,
abstract thinking) that impact adaptive
functioning (e.g., personal independence, social
responsibility)
What’s specifc learning disorder?
Characterised by persistent and impairing
difficulties with learning foundational academic
skills in reading, writing, and/or math
Specific deficits in an individual’s ability to
perceive or process information
Whats motor disorder?
e.g., developmental coordination
disorder, deficits in the
acquisition/execution of
coordinated motor skills that
interferes with daily activities
Whats attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder?
- Marked restlessness, inattentiveness and impulsivity - pervasive
across situations: - Easily distracted, often forgetful,
- Difficulty sustaining attention,
- Does not seem to listen when spoken to directly,
-Difficulty organising tasks and activities, - Often fidgets with or taps hands/feet,
- Often talks excessively, difficulty waiting their turn,
- Associated features: behavioural problems, learning difficulties,
relationships/social difficulties
Whats the comorbidity in children with ADHD?
Learning or communication on problems
- poor school performance
- difficulty interacting with other children
- misbehaviour often serious
- mood or anxiety problems
Whats the ADHD aetiology?
- Highly heritable: average heritability rate - 76% across 20 studies
(Faraone et al., 2005), - Prenatal and perinatal factors: maternal smoking, substance use,
stress, low birth weight, prematurity,
dietary factors (e.g., additives) and/or toxins (e.g., pesticides, lead), - Severe early deprivation (e.g., child abuse, neglect) - potentially
affecting individual’s ability to modulate their emotions
Whats the structural part in ADHD aetiology?
Changes primarily affecting but not limited to the prefrontal cortex,
corpus striatum, and cerebellum,
- Reduced activity and volume of prefrontal cortex
Whats the neurochemisty in adhd aetiology?
Dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin: hypoactive dopamine neurotramission in the frontal love leading to poor attention and behavioural organisation, and executive control.
Whats the hypoactivity of mesolimbic doaminergic pathway considered?
Play a role in motiavional deficits
What happens to low levels of dopamine?
Basal ganglia
Clumsiness and poor habit learning
Whats the impact of low levels of norepinephrine and serotonin?
Impact on the prefrontal lobe - leading to difficult determine what it’s important in the present environment
Whats the interventions for adhd?
• Behaviour modification - based on principles of learning
theory and operant conditioning
• Parenting strategies/training – e.g., family problem-
solving and communication
• Medication - psychostimulants
• Protective effect of ADHD medication treatment (i.e.,
reduced risk) on mood disorders, suicidality, criminality,
substance use disorders, accidents and injuries, and
educational outcomes
• Attentional training programmes
Whats happened in 1908-1911 for autism spectrum disorder?
German psychiatrist eugen bleuler used the term autism to describe symptoms of the most severe cases of schizophrenia
What happened in 1943 for autism spectrum disorder?
Leo kanner publishes a paper describing 11 patiens who were focused on or obsessed with objects and had a resistance to change - infantile autism
