Leture 2 - The CNS

Question 1

What does the CNS contain?

Answer 1

Brain
Spinal cord

Question 2

Whats the afferent?

Answer 2

Sensory division

Question 3

Whats the efferent?

Answer 3

Motor division

Question 4

Whats the 2 type of autonomic motor system?

Answer 4

Sympathetic -increases function of flight or fight
Parasympathetic - Slows the heart rate, aids digestion, and calms the body — “rest and digest.”

Question 5

what does the motor division contain?

Answer 5

Voluntary motor system
Autonomic motor system

Question 6

what does the sensory division contain?

Answer 6

It contains sensory (afferent) neurons that carry signals from the body to the central nervous system (CNS) — like touch, pain, temperature, and body position.

Question 7

Explain the stages of the embryonic development of the brain?

Answer 7

Neural tube 1-2 weeks
Primary brain 3-4 weeks
Secondary brain vesicles 6-8 weeks

Question 8

What does the forebrain contain?

Answer 8

Cerebral cortex
Basal forebrain

Question 9

List the key parts of the human brain

Answer 9

Forebrain
Midbrain
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla
Spinal cord

Question 10

What is the cranial nerve?

Answer 10

Nerves that pass through the holes in the brain

Question 11

How many pairs of nerves are there on the base of the brain?

Answer 11

12

Question 12

What does the four interconnected chambers in the brain contain?

Answer 12

Cfs - cerebrospinal fluid

Question 13

What does th spinal cord consist of?

Answer 13

Nerves going to and from the rest of the body

Question 14

What does the brainstem control?

Answer 14

Autonomic function

Question 15

What is the cerebellum important for?

Answer 15

Movement, balance, posture

Question 16

What’s the hippocampus important for?

Answer 16

Learning and memory

Question 17

What does the thalamus interface between?

Answer 17

Interface between cortex and rest of cns

Question 18

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 18

Heomeostasis, emotion control of endocrine system

Question 19

What does basal ganglia control?

Answer 19

Control of behavioural patterns

Question 20

What does the corpus callosum connect?

Answer 20

Connection the two cortical hemispheres

Question 21

Brain weight of humans and cortex % of brain, sa

Answer 21

1,400
80%
Sa of 2,500

Question 22

What’s the sulci

Answer 22

Infoldimgs of the surface

Question 23

What’s the gyri

Answer 23

The bumps on the cortical surface

Question 24

What does the nervous sytem consist of?

Answer 24

• cns
• Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System
outside the brain and spinal cord that connects the CNS to the rest of the body.
Sensory and motor division

Question 25

What are the 4 lobes of the brain called.

Answer 25

Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal

Question 26

How are the lobes separated.

Answer 26

Deep infoldings called sulci or fissures

Question 27

Describe the motor cortex?

Answer 27

• A band of tissue running along the posterior face of the frontal lobe • Called the precentral gyrus (i.e. the gyrus in front of the central sulcus

Question 28

Describe the sensory cortex?

Answer 28

• Specific critical areas specialised for processing each sensory modality • Each area has a primary region, where the input neurones arrive and a secondary area where information from that sensory modality only is processed • Multimodal sensory areas integrate sensory information from different sensory modalities

Question 29

What does the brain do?

Answer 29

Thinking Talking Sensing Moving Remembering

Question 30

Whats the brodmann areas?

Answer 30

Named after German neruologists - brodmann - based on cytoarchitercture - how the cells look under a microscope Structure not function divide the cerebral cortex into 52 numbered areas, each linked to specific brain functions.

Question 31

What was the case of Louis leborgne?

Answer 31

Uzbek to speak more than a very few meaningless syllables for 21 years But intelligent and capable for comprehending spoken and written language.

Question 32

What did the post-mortem study of leborgnes brain show?

Answer 32

• single lesion towards back of left frontal lobe • first evidence for highly localised control of function in the cortex

Question 33

Where is the frontal lobe found?

Answer 33

At the front of the brain

Question 34

Where is the parietal lobe found?

Answer 34

Over the top of the brain

Question 35

Where is the occipital lobe found?

Answer 35

At the back of the brain

Question 36

Where is the temporal lobe found?

Answer 36

Around the sides of the brain

Question 37

Explain the phineas gage case?

Answer 37

Steel rod entered throuhg his left cheek into his head and made a hole in his head and check but survived it foe 13 years. There was behaviour changes in a negative way.

Question 38

Whats the frontal cortex useful for?

Answer 38

Calculations, reasoning, inference, rule learning

Question 39

Whats the prefrontal cortex useful for ?

Answer 39

Personality and emotion

Question 40

What’s the Wisconsin card sort test?

Answer 40

Matching the cards to the category by colour, number or shape Measures the response accurency, time to learn and perseveration on rule change Requires: strategic planning, using feedback to change rules

Question 41

What happens with people that have damage to frontal lobe when they do the Wisconsin card sort test?

Answer 41

Perform poorly

Question 42

Whats the temporal cortex useful for?

Answer 42

- learning - memory - spatial recognition

Question 43

Whats the case of patient HM

Answer 43

Suffered severe epilepsy and failed to respond to standard treatments Underwent surgery to remove the epileptic focus Large areas of hippocampus, amygdala and surrounding tissue all removed - lived for 55 years after his surgery - unable to learn new info or remember anything after the time of the surgery =

Question 44

What does the case of HM imply?

Answer 44

A role for the hippocampus in memory storage