CLASSICAL CONDITIONING I

Question 1

Whose tradition is classical conditioning based on?

Answer 1

Work by Ivan P.Pavlov

Question 2

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 2

Through classical conditioning, animals learn to anticipate events by forming associative links between stimuli in their world

Question 3

What happened in pavlovs classical conditioning study?

Answer 3

• trained dogs that sound of a bell signalled food delivery
• prior to learning, bell is neutral stimulus that only provokes an orienting response - look at response
  Dogs salivate at sound of bell
  Repeated pairing creates associative link to form

Question 4

Whats unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 4

A biologically revelant stimulus that will elicit a response without any learning like food

Question 5

Whats unconditioned response?

Answer 5

An innate response to a stimulus elicited without any learning like salivation

Question 6

What does it mean when it’s unconditional?

Answer 6

That it will occur without any learning trials

Question 7

Explain conditioned stimulus?

Answer 7

A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being paired with something biological significant like tone

Question 8

Explain conditioned response?

Answer 8

The response that is elicited by conditional stimulus after conditioning has taken place

Question 9

What does the response conditional mean?

Answer 9

Sense that it depends on learning trials

Question 10

What happens in excitatory learning?

Answer 10

The classical stimulus signals the unconditioned stimulus will be present
- appetitive procedures are also performed with rats in a conditioning chamber

Question 11

What happens in excitatory conditioning?

Answer 11

A light is turned on and food is delivered to the well
Can measure approach behaviour as index of learning
How often does the rat nose-poke the food well

Question 12

What happens at the given trails of the excitatory learning?

Answer 12

Responding will be low when the the conditioning stimulus is first ruined on, but increase as the rat anticipates the delivery of food

• when the food is delivered the rat nose-pokes frequently (eating)

Overtraining trials, learning the light food association process

The number of nose pokes during the conditioning stimulus increases

Question 13

What can excitatory learning also be performed with?

Answer 13

With aversive procedures

Question 14

What happens in taste aversion learning?

Answer 14

Rodents are allowed to freely drink In a flavoured solution

After drinking the rats are injected with LiCL which produces mild sickness (US)

When offered the same flavour solution rats show a reduction in the amount they drink

Interpreted as the flavour reminding the rats of of the sickness last time they drank it

The reduced consumption of the flavoured
solution is a reliable index of associative
link between flavour and sickness

Question 15

What can excitatory learning involve?

Answer 15

Aversive
Appetitive conditioning procedures

Question 16

In plain English what is excitory learning?

Answer 16

When the Conditioning stimulus predicts the precede of the unconditioned stimulus

Question 17

In plain English what is inhibitory learning?

Answer 17

When the conditioning stimulus predicts the absence of the unconditioned stimulus

Question 18

In appetitive learning what does the conditioning stimulus predict?

Answer 18

The presence of an outcome

Question 19

What does aversive learning, the conditioning stimulus predict?

Answer 19

Predicts the presence of the outcome

Question 20

How is learning explained through what?

Answer 20

A conceptual nervous system

Each node represent a stimulus in the environment

Question 21

What does the nodes represent?

Answer 21

A cluster of neuron’s, or brain process coding a mental representation

Question 22

What does learning consist of for connections between?

Answer 22

Consists of establismnet of connections between the mental representations of the conditioning stimulus and the unconditioning stimulus

Question 23

What did Pavlov do before begin the training for the dogs?

Answer 23

His dogs had nodes representing the sound of the bell and food

Question 24

What happend during the training for Pavlov experiment?

Answer 24

During the training, the tone is repeatedly paired with food.
This leads to a formation of an association between the two nodes in the nervous system
As training progress, the link gets stronger and stronger

Question 25

During the test what is only played?

Answer 25

The tone

Question 26

What did the association link cause for the dogs?

Answer 26

Link causes salivation when only the tone is presented as it created a mental representations of the food

Question 27

What did pavlovs idea distinguish between?

Answer 27

Modern learning theory from behaviourism

Question 28

What was the historical perspective behind Pavlovs experiment?

Answer 28

Behaviourists thought the mind was a black box and it was not possible to study

Question 29

What was the experiment for inhibitory learning?

Answer 29

A task with pigeons demonstrates the difference between xcitory and inhibitory learning Pigeons placed into a box that contains a light at one end, and a food well at the other. • Experimenter manipulates the contingency between the light and food (i.e. what the light predicts about the food)

Question 30

Whats the excitatory version of the experiment they did for inhibitory learning?

Answer 30

igeons trained that when a light comes on, food will be dispensed. • The food is delivered whenever the light comes on, regardless of what the pigeon does. • But the light acquires the properties of the US – the bird pecks at the light like it is food This approach behaviour is a reliable index of excitatory learning

Question 31

Explain the inhibitory learning experiment by wasserman, franklin and Hearst?

Answer 31

Group 1: light – food • Excitatory, as the light predicts presence of food Group 2: light – no food • Inhibitory, as the light predicts absence of food Group 3: light / random food • No learning, as the light-food parings are random

Question 32

What was the results of the experiment by wasserman, franklin and Hearst?

Answer 32

• Excitatory versus inhibitory learning is indexed via the percentage of time the pigeons spend near the light • More than 50% time near the light = approach behaviour = excitatory • Less than 50% time near the light = avoidance behaviour = inhibitory • Around 50% time in each side of the box = no preference

Question 33

What did reliable approach behaviour when light signals prescient for food show in the inhibitory learning experiment?

Answer 33

Excitatory • No preference when the light- food relationship was random • Reliable avoidance behaviour when the light signalled the absence of food – inhibitory

Question 34

What are some clever experimental design for how to understand if they learned anything during the inhibitory training?

Answer 34

Summation test Retardation test

Question 35

Whats the summation test

Answer 35

Experimental group • The presence of the inhibitor at test counteracts the excitatory response • We see less salivation when the tone and light are presented at test Control group • The presence of a neutral stimulus has no effect on the excitatory response • The addition of the light at test does not alter salivation response to the tone

Question 36

Explain the retardation test?

Answer 36

Experimental - stage 1 - light- no food trials Light established as an inhibitory CS Both groups must then learn that light predicts food Control group - no pre-training - light as a neutral stimulus

Question 37

What can be observed in the retardiation test?

Answer 37

The experimental group are much slower to learn the light-food association compared to the controls

Question 38

What is each node a reprentation of?

Answer 38

Each node is a mental representations of a stimulus in the environment Excitory associations can form between nodes

Question 39

What does inhibitory learning establish?

Answer 39

Established an inhibitory link between the inhibitory Conditionla Stimulus and unconditional stimulus

Question 40

What’s habituation?

Answer 40

A decrease in response to a repeated stimulus over time due to a familiarity or lack of significance

Question 41

What’s inhibitory learning?

Answer 41

Learning that a specific stimulus predicts the absence of an expected outcome, suppressing a conditioned response - we don’t unlearn a fear, instead we acquire a new learning pathway that competes with the previous learning pathway

Question 42

What type of learning is habilitation and inhibitory learning ?

Answer 42

H - Non-associative IL - associative

Question 43

Whats the stimulus role difference in habituation and inhibitory learning?

Answer 43

H - repeated, irrelevant or non-threatening IL - signals absence of an expected outcome

Question 44

Whats the response change difference between habituation and inhibitory learning?

Answer 44

H - reduction in reflective or innate response IL - suppression of a conditioned response

Question 45

Whats the difference in mechanism between habituation and inhibitory learning?

Answer 45

H - reduced sensory or neural responsiveness IL - formation of inhibitory neural connections

Question 46

Examples of habitation?

Answer 46

A loud noise repeatedly heard in the background become ignored

Question 47

Example of inhibitory learning

Answer 47

A safety signal inhibits fear of dangerous cue or tone predicating no shock inhibits a conditioned fear response

Question 48

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 48

A basic mechanism that helps human and non-human organism predict important events in the world

Question 49

During classical conditioning what’s the sscoaition made?

Answer 49

Develops between different events conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

Question 50

What can animals learn to predict

Answer 50

The presence ( excitory learning) and absence (inhibitory learning) of an outcome

Question 51

What is inhibitory learning sometimes known as ?

Answer 51

Behavioural silent so its detected using retardation and summation