Lecture 1- Biological Psychology Histoical

Question 1

Who’s the ancient philosopher from Greece?

Answer 1

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

Question 2

Who’s the ancient philosopher from Rome?

Answer 2

Plotinus

Question 3

Who’s the ancient philosopher from Near East and Persia?

Answer 3

Zarathustra

Question 4

Who’s the ancient philosopher from china?

Answer 4

Confucius

Question 5

Who’s the ancient philosopher from India?

Answer 5

Siddharatha gotama - Buddha

Question 6

The three main dominating questions in this period?

Answer 6

• what and where is the mind?
• how does mind interact or influence body and action ?
• can we ever reliably investigate the nature of the mind?

Question 7

What does the brain intrinsically link to?

Answer 7

Control of behaviour

Question 8

What’s the evidence from anxiety Egypt which suggests that the brain was linked to the control of behaviour?

Answer 8

They drilled holes into skulls of living people for theraputic reasons

Question 9

What’s believed to be the seat of the soul and repository of memories?

Answer 9

The heart

Question 10

What’s the heart known as in the past?

Answer 10

the seat of the soul and repository of memories

Question 11

What were the 4 humours?

Answer 11

Bloody
Yellow bile
Black bile
Phlegm

Question 12

Describe the ages for the humours?

Answer 12

Blood - infancy
Yellow bile - youth
Black bile - adulthood
Phlegm - old age

Question 13

What Organ was for the humour blood?

Answer 13

Liver

Question 14

What organ was for yellow bile?

Answer 14

Gallbladder

Question 15

What organ was for black bile?

Answer 15

Spleen

Question 16

What organ was for phlegm?

Answer 16

Brain /
Lungs

Question 17

How did Galen research?

Answer 17

Visual examination of dissected sheep’s brain

Question 18

What did galen believe About the body?

Answer 18

• Cerebral cortex was the recipient of sensations
• Cerebellum controlled muscle movement

Question 19

What did galen show about the brain?

Answer 19

Contained hallow, fluid filled spaces called ventricles

Question 20

What did galen assume about humours?

Answer 20

• Assumed that movement was controlled by the flow of humours to and from the
brain and muscles through the nerves, which he believed to be hollow tubes

Question 21

How long did galens ideas about humour stay popular?

Answer 21

This idea remained largely unchallenged until the advent of
modern neuroscience, in the early 1800

Question 22

Who did the hydraulic model?

Answer 22

Descartes

Question 23

What is the hydraulic model?

Answer 23

Nerves are hollow tubes carrying fluid called animal spirt
The pineal gland in the brain pumped animal spirt into the nerves and inflated the muscles or produce movement

Question 24

What did Marie Jean Pierre flourens argue about the brain? The

Answer 24

Destroying small areas of the brain in animals or birds could affect specific functions

Question 25

What were the areas the brain areas that were involved in sensation and perception according to Flournes?

Answer 25

Cerebral cortex, all regions of the cortex particpants equally in all celerebal functions

Question 26

Who is frank joseph gall?

Answer 26

German anatomist and physiologist, who spent much of his career working I Vienna Studies shapes of skulls Phrenology

Question 27

Whats phrenology by Gall?

Answer 27

Bumps on the surface of the skull reflected on the surface of the brain and were related to personality traits which is phrenology Concluded that bumbps and depression in skulls relate tos pacific psychological and personality characteristics Phrenology became more popular though those favouring a more scientific approach thought it was absurd Suggested localisation function in the brain

Question 28

What did Paul broca do?

Answer 28

Studied a patients that lost the power of speech due to a lesion in a small region in the left side of the brain

Question 29

What did Karl wernicke find?

Answer 29

Described other language deficits from damage to another area in the left side of the brain

Question 30

What did Edward Frisch and gustav hitzing find?

Answer 30

Electrical stimulation of the brain in a dog to discover the motor and sensory cortices Four years later, Robert bartholow did simialr with human brain Eastbalishing that there is a localisation of function

Question 31

Who’s korbinian brodmann?

Answer 31

German neuroatonmist

Question 32

Whats that cytoarchitectural map of the cortex?

Answer 32

Different brain areas exhibited different cellular organisation Cortical areas number on the basis of their specific cytoarchitecture

Question 33

What did subsequent functional studies confirm about brodmann guessing?

Answer 33

- anatomically defined regions mapped on to functional correlates - thus providing a link between structure and function

Question 34

Define MRI?

Answer 34

Magnetic resonance imaging

Question 35

Define PET?

Answer 35

Positron emission tomography

Question 36

What did brain imaging open up?

Answer 36

A new route of investigation of regional brain function Visual changes in activity in localised areas of the brain, during performance of motor, perceptual and cognitive tasks

Question 37

Who callenged the view about animal spirts by Descartes?

Answer 37

Luigi Galvani

Question 38

What did Galivani argue?

Answer 38

Showed a frogs leg muscle twitching when small electrical current was applied to the nerve suplluogn it - nerves acted through electrical mechanisms rather than by hydraulics Conduction speed in nerves found to be several orders of magnitude slower than electricity in wires - indicating a biological basis for electrical transmission along nerves

Question 39

What’s synapses?

Answer 39

The junction between nerve cells - originally thought that trans - synaptic transmission was also electrical

Question 40

What did Otto Loewi find?

Answer 40

Awarded a Nobel prize - showed transmission at some synapses controlled by chemicals - neuotramistters

Question 41

What did they establish in 1950s

Answer 41

The trans-synaptic transmission is predominantly chemical