LEARNING AND MEMORY

Question 1

What’s a case study for memory and learning?

Answer 1

Clive wearing - borin in the uk, successful paniant conductor and muscsiologists
Developed severe anemia due to an infection from virus

Question 2

What is amnesia?

Answer 2

Loss of memory due to brain injury shock fatigue repression or illness

Question 3

What does amnesia refer to

Answer 3

Impairment of memory specifically affecting the ability to learn and recall information

Question 4

Whats the foundation of behaviour?

Answer 4

Every habit, skill or belief stems from past learning experiences

Question 5

Whats the identity ad mental health in relevance of learning and memory?

Answer 5

How traumatic memories can lead to PTSD or how memory loss in disorders like
Alzheimer’s affects identity

Question 6

The real world application for the relevance of learning and memory?

Answer 6

Therapy: Breaking unhelpful habits (e.g., addiction) or re-learning
adaptive behaviours

Question 7

Whats declarative memory?

Answer 7

type of long-term memory that involves facts and events you can consciously recall and describe.
Processed and stored in medial temporal lobe

Question 8

Whats non-declarative memory?

Answer 8

type of long-term memory that involves skills and habits you perform without conscious effort
Cerebellum, striatum, neocortex, limbic system

Question 9

Whats semantic memory?

Answer 9

• learned
• general facts and meanings
• general world ko
• indepdent of context and personal relevance
  Eg - Dakar is the capital of Senegal

Question 10

What’s episodic memory?

Answer 10

• experienced
• episodes of personal life
• autobiographical events
• contextual, time-locked ko
  Eg remembering a holiday experience

Question 11

Whats procedural memory?

Answer 11

Skills, and habits, how to do things
Riding a bike

Question 12

Whats procedural memory linked to?

Answer 12

Associative learning
Non-associative learning

Question 13

Whats associative learning?

Answer 13

when you learn by making a connection between two things

Classical and operant conditioning
Emotional and skeletal responses

Question 14

Whats non-associative learning ?

Answer 14

organism’s response to a single repeated stimulus changes over time
Ticking of a clock goes unnoticed - habituation
Reflexes, priming habituation perceptual and cognitive routines

Question 15

Whats under non declarative memory?

Answer 15

Procedural memory

Question 16

Whats under declarative memory?

Answer 16

Semantic and episodic memory

Question 17

For a memory to be retrieves is must have been previously?

Answer 17

Stored

Question 18

For a memory to be stored it must have been previously been?

Answer 18

Encoded

Question 19

For a memory to be encoded something must have previously been?

Answer 19

Learned

Question 20

What are examples of reflex behaviours?

Answer 20

Grasp
Walking
Moro reflex
Babinski reflex

Question 21

Explain about adaptive responses?

Answer 21

Organisms have a series of fixed patterns (reflexes) of behaviour that guarantee
adaptive responses to particular stimul

automatic or learned reactions that help you adjust to changes or challenges in your environment. They’re essential for survival, learning, and daily functioning.

Question 22

Example of adaptive responses?

Answer 22

Holding when in the air
Walking whe supported on legs
Reaching out when feel like fall
Responses to being tickled

Question 23

Who proposed the concept of reflex?

Answer 23

Descartes

Question 24

What did Descartes state about reflex?

Answer 24

A system that involves a receptor activating a
muscle through a direct connection.
• Whenever a child approaches a hand to a source of
heat they will automatically withdraw it to avoid
damage
• Reflexes account for complex movements of the
body according to a simple mechanism

Question 25

Explain the reflex arc-sensory neurons connect to motor in the spinal cord?

Answer 25

Stimulus - receptor - sensory neurons - integration center - association neuron in spinal cord- motor neuron - effector - responses

Question 26

Whats the rat and case of reflex’s?

Answer 26

- play novel sound and rats are startles that’s reflex behaviour - If reflexes are not modifiable, the rat’s response should stay the same with repeated exposure

Question 27

What happend to the rats in the case of reflexes?

Answer 27

The rats reflex (innate) behaviour decreases after repeated exposure of the stimulus. • This phenomena is known as habituation • Unclear from this data what the mechanism behind habituation is

Question 28

What’s habituation?

Answer 28

The rats reflex (innate) behaviour decreases after repeated exposure of the stimulus.

Question 29

Whats evidence against the faitgue of the rats and reflex’s?

Answer 29

Evidence against the fatigue explanation of behaviour comes from introducing a new stimulus. • Restores the reflexive response to the original stimulus • Should not be the case if the animal is too tired to respond

Question 30

Whats an unexpected stimulus that restores the original reflex responses called?

Answer 30

Dishabituation

Question 31

Whats habituation in therapy?

Answer 31

Exposure therapies ‘force’ patients to confront their fears (e.g. spiders, public speaking). • With repeated exposure, the anxiety response should decrease (habituation) • Habituation is a psychological mechanism through which exposure therapies work. • Repeat exposure to the anxiety-causing stimulus should cause the anxiety response to decrease

Question 32

Who did the within. Subject experiment on the rats?

Answer 32

Leaton with three phases

Question 33

What were the implications for therapy?

Answer 33

Within a session of exposure therapy, you’re likely to see a big reduction in the anxiety response in the client. - short term effect, needs to be a long term habituation for extended periods of time

Question 34

Habituation and obesity?

Answer 34

Rising steadily - doesn’t explain why increases availability of food makes people eat so much -

Question 35

Who did a study on habituation and obesity?

Answer 35

Temple et al with children aged 9-12 given their fav fast food

Question 36

What did temple et al find out about the obesity and habituation?

Answer 36

Regardless of whether you measure grams or calories consumed, the variety group eats more than the same group • Children in the same group habituate to the food, and eat less of it • Children in the variety group don’t get the chance to habituate to one food, and so we see more eating

Question 37

Whats the self-fulfilling effect in habituation and obesity?

Answer 37

We may habituate to Pizza, so choose to eat a Burger instead • Like Rats in Leaton’s study, the introduction of a new Burger stimulus will lead to dishabituation to pizza • There will be a spontaneous recovery in the consumption of Pizza, which will at the same time lead to dishabituation to Burgers. • There will then be a spontaneous recovery in the consumption of Burgers.

Question 38

What system is learning and memory part of?

Answer 38

Intergrated - which evolved to acquire (encode) and retain (store) information that will be useful later (retrieval

Question 39

What does reflexive behaviour control?

Answer 39

Parts of our behaviour but these behaviours are not fixed

Question 40

Whats does temporal course of habituation suggest?

Answer 40

Massed exposure (lots of trials over a short period) will lead to full habituation, but this is a short term effect (spontaneous recovery). • Spaced exposure to a stimulus over many days lead to less habituation, but the effect is longer term