Chp 10- Nervous System Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
CNS
A
central nervous system
- Brain
- Spinal Cord
2
Q
PNS
A
peripheral nervous system
- cranial nerves
- spinal nerves
- plexuses
- peripheral nerves throughout body
3
Q
Sympathetic nerves
A
stimulate body under stress
4
Q
parasympathetic nerves
A
balance the sympathetic system
- slow HR
- Low BP
5
Q
Autonomic Nervous System
A
- nerve impulses from CNS to organs
6
Q
Neuron
A
Individual nerve cell
7
Q
Parts of neuron
A
- dendrite
- cell body
- cell nucleus
- axon ( myelin sheath, neurilemma)
- terminal end fibres (secrete NT)
- neurotransmitters transfer impulse across synapse
- synapse
8
Q
Ganglia
A
Small clusters of nerve cell bodies
9
Q
Glia cells
A
Maintain health of NS
- do not transmit impulses
10
Q
4 types of glia cells
A
- astrocytes (astroglial cells)
- microglia (microglial cells)
- oligodendroglia
- ependymal cells
11
Q
Anatomical structures of the brain (8)
A
- Frontal
- Sulci
- Gyri
- Parietal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Wernicke area
- Temporal lobe
- Broca area
12
Q
Cerebrum
A
Largest section of the brain
- surface nerve cells called cerebral cortex
- manages speech, vision, small, movement, hearing, thought
13
Q
Cerebellum
A
Coordinates voluntary movements
- maintains balance
14
Q
Thalamus
A
Integrates and monitors impulses from skin (pain)
15
Q
Hypothalamus
A
Controls body temp, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions
- regulates release of hormones from pituitary gland
- monitors sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
16
Q
Pons
A
Brain stem
- bridges the cerebrum and cerebellum w/ the rest of the brain
- houses nerves for the face and eyes
Midbrain
- uppermost portion of the brain stem
- contains pathways connecting the cerebrum w/ lower portions of brain
17
Q
Medulla oblongata
A
Brainstem
- connects the spinal cord to the brain
- nerve tracts from side to side
- regulates: blood vessels, heart, Respiratory System
18
Q
What do Meninges contain?
A
- dura mater (lines skull)
- subdural space
- arachnoid membrane
- subarachnoid space
- pia mater (lines brain)
19
Q
Acetylcholine
A
Neurotransmitter chemical released at ends of nerve cells
20
Q
Afferent nerve
A
Carries message toward the brain and spinal cord
21
Q
Arachnoid membrane
A
Middle layer of 3 membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
22
Q
Astrocyte
A
Glial cell that transports water and salts from capillaries
23
Q
Axon
A
Microscopic fibre that Carrie’s the nervous impulse along a nerve cell
24
Q
Blood-brain barrier
A
Protective separation b/w the blood and brain cells that keeps substances (ex. Anti cancer drugs) from pertaining capillary walls and entering the brain
25
Brain stem
Posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with spinal cord, includes: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
26
Cauda equina
Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord
27
Cell body
Part of the nerve cell that contains nucleus
28
Cerebral cortex
Outer region of the cerebrum; contains sheets of nerve cells, Gray matter
29
Cerebrospinal fluid
Circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord
30
Cranial nerves
Twelve pairs; carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck ( except the vagus nerve)
31
Dendrite
Microscopic branching finer of a nerve cell; first part to receive the nervous impulse
32
Dura mater
Thick, outermost layer of meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord
33
Efferent nerve
Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve
34
Ependymal cell
Glial cell that lines the membrane within the brain and spinal cord; helps form cerebrospinal fluid
35
Gyrus (gyri)
Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution
36
Meninges
3 protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
37
Microglial cell
Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from CNS
38
Midbrain
Uppermost portion of brainstem
39
Motor nerve
Carrie’s messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve
40
Myelin sheath
Covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell; speed impulse conduction
41
Oligodendroglial
Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons
42
Parenchyma
Essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or systems for NS, nuerons and nerves that carry impulses
43
Pia mater
The thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges
44
Plexus
A large, interlacing network of nerves
45
pons
largest part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and rest of the midbrain
46
receptor
an organ that recieves a nervous stimulus and passes it to afferent nerves; skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors
47
sciatic nerve
nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg and foot
48
sensory nerve
carries message toward the brain and spinal cord from receptor; afferent nerve
49
spinal nerves
31 pairs arising from the spinal cord
50
stimulus/stimuli
agent of change (light, sound, touch, pressure, pain) in internal or external environment that evokes a response
51
stroma
connective and supporting tissue of an organ; glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain
52
sulcus/ sulci
depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure
53
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress
54
synapse
the space through which a nervous impulse travels between never cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells
55
thalamus
main relay center of the brain; conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum
56
vagus nerve
tenth nerve; branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach
57
ventricles of the brain
canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
58
cerebell/o
cerebellum
59
cerebr/o
cerebrum
60
dur/o
dura mater
61
encephal/o
brain
62
gli/o
glial cells
63
lept/o
thin, slender
64
mening/o ; meningi/o
membranes, meninges
65
my/o
muscle
66
myel/o
spinal cord
67
neur/o
nerve
68
pont/o
pons
69
radicul/o
nerve root
70
thalam/o
thalamus
71
thec/o
sheath (refers to meninges)
72
vag/o
vagus nerve
73
alges/o ; -algesia
excessive sensitivity to pain
74
-algia
pain
75
caus/o
burning
76
comat/o
deep sleep
77
esthesi/o; -esthesia
feeling, nervous sensation
78
kines/o; -kinesia
movement
79
-kinesis; kinetic
movement
80
-lepsy
seizure
81
lex/o
word, phrase
82
-paresis
slight paralysis
83
-phasia
speech
84
-plegia
paralysis
85
-praxia
action
86
-sthenia
strength
87
syncop/o
cut off
88
tax/o
order, coordination
89
hydrocephalus
buildup of excess cerebrospinal fluid within fluid containing cavities or ventricles of the brain
90
spinal bifida cystica
more severe form of spina bifida that causes a visible cyst (fluid-filled sac) on the lower part of baby's back
91
spinal bifida occulta
when a baby's backbone (spine) does not fully form during pregnancy.
92
Alzheimer Disease (AD)
- most common type of dementia
- progressive disease beginning with mild memory loss
- involves parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language
93
Epilepsy
having two or more unprovoked seizures
94
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
-a nervous system disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
- causes loss of muscle control
- gets worse over time
95
Huntington disease (Huntington chorea)
- attacks areas of the brain that help to control voluntary (intentional) movement, as well as other areas
96
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
- potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system)
- the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body
97
Myasthenia gravis (MG)
- a chronic autoimmune, neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles
98
Palsy
weakness or problems with using the muscles
99
Parkinsons disease
brain disorder that causes unintended or uncontrollable movements, such as shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination
100
Tourette syndrome
- a condition of the nervous system
- tics
101
Herpes zoster (shingles)
- caused by reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the same virus that causes varicella (chickenpox)
- virus remains latent in the dorsal root ganglia
102
Meningitis
- an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
103
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy
an infection that attacks the body's immune system and spreads to the brain
104
Cerebral concussion
- traumatic brain injury caused by blow to head
- no evidence of structural damage
- rest important to heal
105
cerebral contusion
- bruising of the brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head
- associated with fracture of skull, edema and increased intracranial pressure
- subdural and spidural hematomas can occur leading to permanent brain injury
106
3 parts of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
1. thrombotic
2. embolic
3. hemorrhagic
107
thrombotic
blood clot in arteries leaving the brain
108
embolic
dislodged blood clot travels to cerebral arteries
109
hemorrhagic
blood vessel breaks and bleeding occurs
110
Cerebral angiography
special dye (contrast material) and x-rays to see how blood flows through the brain
111
PET
positron emission scan
112
Doppler ultrasound
noninvasive test that can be used to estimate the blood flow through your blood vessels by bouncing high-frequency sound waves
113
AFP
alpha-fetoprotein
114
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
115
AVM
arteriovenous malformation
116
BBB
blood brain barrier
117
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
118
EEG
electroencephalogram
119
GABA
gamma-aminobutyric acid (neurotransmitter)
120
ICP
intracranial pressure; normal pressure is 5-10mmHg
121
LP
lumbar puncture
122
MAC
monitored anesthetic care
123
MG
myasthenia gravis
124
MRA
magnetic resonance angiography
125
1/2 P
hemiparesis
126
PCA
patient-controlled anesthesia
127
Sz
seizure
128
TBI
traumatic brain injury
129
TENS
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
130
TIA
transient ischemic attack
131
TLE
temporal lobe epilepsy
132
tPA
tissue plasminogen activator
