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Pathophysiology > Class 2- Cellular Injury, Inflammation, and Wound Healing > Flashcards

Class 2- Cellular Injury, Inflammation, and Wound Healing Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the three types of cellular injury

A
  1. Reversible
  2. Apoptosis and Programmed Cell Removal
    • “peaceful” cell death
  3. Necrosis
    • cell death
    • cause inflammation
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2
Q

Mechanisms of Cellular Injury: Free Radical/ Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

A
  • atom with unpaired electron
  • causes “oxidative Stress”
  • byproducts of normal metabolism but counteracted with antioxidants
  • under stress antioxidants are overwhelmed
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3
Q

What are the causes of Free Radical/ROS

A
  • mutations
  • protein breakdown or misfolding
  • membrane damage
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4
Q

Mechanisms of Cellular Injury: Hypoxic

A
  • insufficient oxygen
  • can be cognitive
  • CP (from hypoxic injury near birth)
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5
Q

Mechanisms of Cellular Injury: Reperfusion Injury

A
  • decreased oxygen perfusion (Ischemia)
  • causes inflammation and free radical release
  • occurs in brain or heart
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6
Q

Mechanisms of Cellular Injury: Chemical Injury

A
  • drugs
  • asbestos
  • lead
  • mercury (brain development)
  • CO
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7
Q

Mechanisms of Cellular Injury: Physical Agents

A
  • mechanical forces
  • extreme temperature
  • electrical forces
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8
Q

Other Mechanisms of Cellular Injury

A
  • atmospheric pressure changes
  • radiation
  • environment (noise, sunlight)
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9
Q

Four Results of Cellular Injury

A
  1. mitochondrial damage (deceasing ATP)
  2. Cell membrane damage (Na+/K+ pump, increased water, Ca++ entry)
  3. Ribosome Damage (protein folding)
  4. DNA
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10
Q

Systematic Manifestations of Cellular Injury

A
  • fatigue
  • anorexia
  • increased troponin
  • malaise
  • increase LDH
  • triggers inflammatory response
  • fever
  • increased CK
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11
Q

Inflammatory Response to Cellular Injury

A
  • second line of defence
  • part of innate immunity
  • rapid
  • non-specific
  • activated by cell injury or necrosis
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12
Q

Goals of Inflammatory Response

A
  • prevents infection
  • prevents further damage to other tissues
  • contains bacteria
  • limits/controls inflammatory process
  • initiates adaptive immune response
  • initiates healing
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13
Q

Five Local Manifestations of Inflammation

A
  1. Pain
  2. Swelling
  3. Heat
  4. Redness
  5. Loss of Function
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14
Q

Vascular Inflammatory Response

A
  • blood vessel dilation
  • increased vascular permeability
  • fluid into tissues
  • more viscous blood
  • clotting
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15
Q

Cellulr Inflammatory Response

A
  • WBC adherence to capillary
  • WBC diapedesis (squeeze through capillary walls)
  • WBC to injury (emigration)
  • chemotaxis
  • phagocytosis
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16
Q

What is Chemotaxis?

A

movement of a motile cell or organism, or part of one, in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance

17
Q

Exudate Inflammatory Response

A
  • fluid
  • RBC
  • WBC
  • tissue debris
18
Q

Acute Inflammatory Response

A
  • neutrophils
  • macrophages
  • histamine
19
Q

Systematic Manifestation of Acute Inflammation: Leukocytosis

A
  • increased number of leukocytes
20
Q

Systematic Manifestation of Acute Inflammation: Lymphadenitis

A
  • enlarged lymph nodes
21
Q

Systematic Manifestation of Acute Inflammation: Elevated Plasma Markers

A
  • erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

- C-reactive protein

22
Q

Describe Chronic Inflammation

A
  • lasts over two weeks
  • persistant irritant
  • unsuccessful acute inflammatory response
  • long-term
  • self-perpetuation
  • debilitating
  • in phagocytic cells neutrophils die and lymphocytes are activated
  • can further injure cells and delay healing
  • fibroblasts and scar tissue form causing loss of function
  • risks of cancer, CAD etc.
23
Q

Systemic Manifestations

A
  • low fever
  • malaise
  • fatigue
  • anorexia
  • leukocytosis
  • lymphadenopathy
  • increased ESR
  • Increased C-reactive protein
  • spleen hyperplasia
  • anemia
  • pain
  • activity intolerance
  • depression
  • insomnia
  • weight loss
24
Q

Phase One of Healing

A

Inflammation

  • neutrophils and macrophages clean injured area
  • blood clot acts as scaffold
25
Q

Phase Two of Healing

A

Proliferation and New Tissue Formation
- fibroblasts secrete collagen and growth factors
- new epithelial cells
granulation of tissue

26
Q

Phase Three of Healing

A

Remodelling and Maturation

  • scar tissue formation
  • scar remodelling

Pathophysiology (14 decks)

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