Endocrine System Flashcards
(56 cards)
1
Q
The pancreas is a ___ gland.
A
endocrine and exocrine
2
Q
What does Glucagon do?
A
increased blood glucose via glycogenesis
3
Q
What does Amylin do?
A
inhibits glucagon secretion after meals
4
Q
What does Insulin do?
A
- promotes glucose uptake in cells
- promotes glucose storage as glycogen
- prevents breakdown of glycogen and fat
- inhibits glycogenesis
- increases protein synthesis
- increase k+ to cells
5
Q
Pathology of diabetes mellitus
A
- destruction of beta cells in pancreas
- little to no insulin production
- decreased amylin
- hyper glycemia
6
Q
Etiology of Type One Diabetes
A
- most common auto-immune response
- genetic predisposition
- environmental trigger
- not gender related
- 10% of diabetes
- earlier onset
7
Q
Manifestations of Type One Diabetes
A
- polyuria
- polydipsia (thirst)
- glucose in urine
- cells are starving
- breakdown of fats for fuel
- fatigue
- polyphagia (hunger)
- fruity breath
- recurrent infections
- vision changes
- paresthesias
8
Q
Type One Diagnosis
A
- history/physical exam
- HbAIC
- lab tests
- ketouria
- glucosuria
9
Q
What types of lab tests are used for Type One Diagnosis
A
- increased plasma glucose
- fasting
- glucose tolerance
- random check
10
Q
Why is a HbAIC test useful?
A
tests back months prior showing history of hyperglycemia
11
Q
What is the Treatment for Type One Diabetes?
A
- insulin (basal and after meals)
12
Q
What is the pathology of Type Two Diabetes?
A
- progressive impairment of beta cell function
- progressive insulin resistance
- decreased ability of insulin to act on target tissue
- increased insulin production (exhausting pancreas)
- exhausted beta cells
13
Q
Risk Factors of Type Two Diabetes
A
- central obesity
- increased blood pressure
- increased triglycerides
- decreased HDL cholesterol
- insulin resistance
- family history
- age
- indigenous, asian, african ancestry
14
Q
Etiology of Type Two Diabetes
A
- unknown
- probably genetic and environmental
15
Q
Manifestations of Type Two Diabetes
A
- polys may be present
- fatigue
- recurrent infections
- vision changes
- overweight
- dyslipidemia
- increase blood pressure
- abdominal obesity
16
Q
Diagnosis of Type Two Diabetes
A
- history/physical exam
- HbAIC
- lab tests
- ketouria
- glucosuria
17
Q
Treatment of Type Two Diabetes
A
- diet
- exercise
- oral hypoglycemics
- insulin
- bariatric surgery
18
Q
Acute Complications of Diabetes
A
- Hypoglycemia
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
- Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNK)
19
Q
Hypoglycemia
A
- low blood sugar
- caused by decrease food and increase hypoglycemic agent or exercise
- fast onset
20
Q
Manifestations of Hypoglycemia
A
- confusion
- increased heart rate
- cool and clammy
21
Q
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
A
- high blood glucose
- caused by lack of insulin to meet needs
- usually in type one
- slower onset
22
Q
Pathology of DKA
A
- hyperglycemia leading to glucose in urine leading to polyuria leading to polydispia, hypotension, and tachycardia
23
Q
Manifestations fo DKA
A
- rapid weight loss
- seizures
- marked fatigue
- coma
- seizures
- Kussmal resps (to compensate for metabolic acidosis)
- fruity or acetone breath
24
Q
Treatment for DKA
A
- insulin
- IV fluid
25
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNK)
- caused by infection or hospitalization
| - very slow progression (slowest of three acute)
26
Pathology of HHNK
- hypre glycemia leading to glucose in urine leading to polyuria, polydispia, incrased BP, increased HR
27
Manifestations of HHNK
- profound fluid loss
- no ketosis
- much sicker than other two acute complications
28
Chronic Complications of Diabetes
1. Macrovascular Disease
2. Microvascular Disease
3. Neuropathiesis
4. Infection
29
Pathology of Chronic Complications of Diabetes
- schwann cells
- ion pumps
- glucose binds with proteins in blood vessel walls trapping LDL and triggering inflammation
- increased water in lense of eye
- decreased antioxidents
- increased inflammation
30
Macrovascular Disease
- artherosclerosis
- MI
- Stroke
- peripheral artery disease
- arterial foot ulcers
- gangrenous feet
31
Microvascular Disease
- Ischemia of eyes and kidneys
- retinopathy (number one cause of blindness in canada)
- glaucoma
- cateracts
- nephropathy
32
Neuropathies
- ischemia to nerves and demylination
- paresthesias
- impaired pain sensation
- gastric atrophy
- paralytic bladder
- impotence
- to bladder , penis, gut etc.
33
Infection
- impaired WBC function
| - increased glucose environment
34
The Posterior Pituitary Secretes..
oxytocin and ADH
35
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion
- too much ADH
- results in reabsorption of water
- decreased urine output
- decreased serum sodium
- hypotonic
36
Diabetes Insipidus
- not enough ADH
- results in excretion of water
- increased urine output
- increased serum sodium
- hypertonic
37
What does the thyroid secrete?
- T4 (thyroxin)
- T3 (triiodothyronine)
- calcitonin
38
What does the thyroid do?
- secretes hormones that increase metabolic rate or decrease serum Ca
39
Hypothyroid
- decreased thyroid hormone levels
40
What is Hypothyroidism caused by?
- Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (autoimmue destruction of thyroid by T-cells)
- more common in females
41
Manifestations of Hypothyroidism
- everything slows down
- cold
- heart failure
- constipation
- weakness
- fatigue
- decreased heart rate
42
How is Hypothyroidism diagnosed?
- confirmation of symptoms
| - TSH checks (blood test)
43
What is the treatment for Hypothyroidism?
- medications (synthetic TSH)
44
Hypothyroidism in Kids
- cretinism
| - thyroid hormones needed for physical and intellectual development
45
Hyperthyroid
- increased levels of thyroid hormone
46
What is hyperthyroidism caused by?
- Grave's disease (type two auto immune)
- antibodies bind to TSH receptors (mimics TSH)
- common in females
47
Manifestations of Hyperthyroidism
- increased heart rate
- weight loss
- increased blood pressure
- everything speeds up
- polyuria
- diarrhea
48
How is Hyperthyroidism Diagnosed?
blood test for TSH
49
What is the Treatment for Hyperthyroidism?
- radioactive iodine
- thyroid removal
- thyroid suppressing meds (short term)
50
Complications of Thyroid Conditions
- exopthalamus (hyper)- protruding eyes
| - periorbital edema (hypo)- swelling around eyes
51
What does the Adrenal Cortex secrete?
- glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, gonadotropins
52
What does the Adrenal Medulla secrete?
- epinephrine, norepinephrine regulated by HPA
53
Hypercortisolism
- Cushing's Syndrome
- adrenal tumor
- ectopic ACTH production
- latrogentic (long-term glucocorticoid therapy)
54
Manifestations of hypercortisolism
- round face
- abdominal obeisity
- buffalo hump
- amenorrhea
- poor wound healing
- insulin resistance
- hypocalcemia
- osteoperosis
- muscle weakness
- ulcers
- hypertension
- thin wrinkled skin
- abdominal striae
- purpura
55
What is Primary Hypocortisolism
- addison's
| - rare
56
What is secondary Hypocortisolism?
- sudden withdrawal of glucocorticoid therapy
| - gland atrophy during treatment
