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Pathophysiology > Class 6- Cellular Adaptation and Neoplasia > Flashcards

Class 6- Cellular Adaptation and Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Atrophy

A
  • “use it or lose it”
  • cells become smaller
  • when occurring in the brain it becomes more gyrated
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2
Q

Hypertrophy

A
  • enlarging of cells
  • common in musculoskeletal
  • from workload
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3
Q

Cardiac Hypertrophy

A
  • increased workload (resistance to pumping)
  • not healthy but considered normal
  • does not relax properly
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4
Q

Hyperplasia

A
  • increased number of cells

- common in prostate gland

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5
Q

Metaplasia

A
  • when one organized type of cell is replaced by a different organized type of cell
  • happens in respiratory tract from smoking or cervix from infection
  • eg. columnar to squamous
  • reversible if stressor is removed
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6
Q

Dysplasia

A
  • change in size, shape, organization, and appearance of cells
  • precursor to malignancy
  • from cell stress
  • still reversible *last chance
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7
Q

Neoplasia

A
  • “new growth”
  • tumor
  • benign or malignant
  • prefix indicates source tissue (lipo(fat) or adeno (glandular))
  • suffix helps indicate benign or malignant
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8
Q

“oma” indicates

A

benign

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9
Q

“sarcoma” indicates

A

malignant

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10
Q

“carcinoma” indicates

A

malignant

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11
Q

Describe a Benign Tumor

A
  • cells will differentiate
  • grow slowly
  • encapsulated
  • local effects
  • not invasive
  • do not metastasize
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12
Q

Describe a Malignant Tumor

A
  • cancerous
  • poorly differentiated (anaplasia)
  • grow rapidly
  • non-encapsulated
  • generalized effects
  • invasive (sends out crab like extensions)
  • can spread distantly (metastasis)
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13
Q

A-E of Malignant Skin

A 
A- asymmetry
B- border
C- color 
D- diameter 
E- evolving
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14
Q

Cellular Adaptation from Physiologic to Pathogenic (6)

A
  1. Atrophy
  2. Hypertrophy
  3. Hyperplasia
  4. Metaplasia
  5. Dysplasia
  6. Neoplasia
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15
Q

List the 12 Descriptors of Carcinogenesis

A
  1. Sustaining Proliferative Signalling
  2. Avoiding Immune Destruction
  3. Evading Growth Suppressors
  4. Enabling Replicative Immortality
  5. Tumor Promoting Inflammation
  6. Activating Invasion and Metastasis
  7. Genome Instability
  8. Inducing Angigenesis
  9. Resist Cell Death
  10. Deregulating Cellular Energetics
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16
Q

Sustaining Proliferative Signalling

A

stimulate themselves to grow continuously

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17
Q

Avoiding Immune Destruction

A

have “cloak” so T-Cells do not recognize

18
Q

Evading Growth Suppressors

A

evade or do not have growth suppressors

19
Q

Enabling Replicative Immortality

A

do not die

20
Q

Tumor Promoting Inflammations

A

cyclical (tumors cause inflammation, inflammation causes tumors)

21
Q

Inducing Angigenesis

A

create own blood supply

22
Q

Resist Cell Death

A

no apoptosis

23
Q

Deregulating Cellular Energetics

A

can use unusual sources of energy (pyruvic acid, lactic acid etc.)

24
Q

What are the Three Most Important Characteristics of Carcinogenesis

A
  1. Sustained Growth
  2. Resist Death
  3. Invasion and Metastasis
    - absent contact inhibition
    - less adhesion
    - no anchorage dependence
    - motility
25
Q

What is the Epidemiology of Carcinogenesis?

A

unknown

26
Q

What is the Etiology of Carcinogenesis

A
  • multifactoral alterations in genes
  • tobacco
  • age
  • genetics
  • down syndrome
  • gender
  • alcohol
  • chronic inflammation
  • infection
  • occupation
  • radiation (UV and Ionizing)
  • # of sexual partners
  • obesity
  • hormones
  • diet
27
Q

What are some infections that can lead to carcinogenesis?

A
  • H. pylori
  • herpes
  • HPV
  • Hepatitis
28
Q

How does a woman’s cycle affect cancer etiology?

A
  • the more cycles a woman has the more hormone variations the body goes through and therefore the higher the risk
  • early menstruation
  • late menopause
  • few pregnancies
29
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Cancer

A
  • fatigue
  • anemia
  • cachexia
  • paraneoplastic syndromes
  • pain
30
Q

What causes fatigue to be a clinical manifestation in cancer?

A

dysregulation of physiologic, biochemical, and psychological cycles and systems

31
Q

What causes anemia to be a clinical manifestations in cancer?

A
  • low Hb from bone marrow invasion, bleeding tumors, malnutrition, or chemo
32
Q

What is cachexia and what causes it to be a clinical manifestation in cancer?

A
  • weight loss
  • wasting of body muscle and fat
  • common with solid tumors
  • children and elderly
33
Q

What causes pain to be a clinical manifestation of cancer?

A
  • not common in early stages

- influenced by fear, anxiety, sleep loss, fatigue

34
Q

Paraneoplastic Syndrome

A

malignant tumors secrete neurotransmittors

  • ADH
  • ACTH
  • hypercalcemia
  • pro-coagulation factors
35
Q

Classification and Staging of Cancers

A 
T- tumor
N- nodes
M- metastasis 
then
Stage 0-4
36
Q

What does “In situ” mean?

A
  • in place

- has not invaded muscularis tissue

37
Q

Radiation Therapy

A
  • pre or post operative
  • may be with surgury or chemo
  • localized
  • kill rapidly dividing cells
38
Q

Cemotherapy

A
  • systemic

- kill rapidly dividing cells

39
Q

Hormone Therapy

A
  • deprive cancer cells of hormone signals to divide
40
Q

Biotherapy

A
  • monoclonal antibodies

T- cells kill cancer cells

41
Q

Side Effects of Chemo… why

A
  • hair and skin loss
  • bone marrow
  • gastro ulcers
    all of the above are rapidly dividing cells which chemo is designed to kill

Pathophysiology (14 decks)

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