Class 6- Cellular Adaptation and Neoplasia

Question 1

Atrophy

Answer 1

• “use it or lose it”
• cells become smaller
• when occurring in the brain it becomes more gyrated

Question 2

Hypertrophy

Answer 2

• enlarging of cells
• common in musculoskeletal
• from workload

Question 3

Cardiac Hypertrophy

Answer 3

• increased workload (resistance to pumping)
• not healthy but considered normal
• does not relax properly

Question 4

Hyperplasia

Answer 4

• increased number of cells

- common in prostate gland

Question 5

Metaplasia

Answer 5

• when one organized type of cell is replaced by a different organized type of cell
• happens in respiratory tract from smoking or cervix from infection
• eg. columnar to squamous
• reversible if stressor is removed

Question 6

Dysplasia

Answer 6

• change in size, shape, organization, and appearance of cells
• precursor to malignancy
• from cell stress
• still reversible *last chance

Question 7

Neoplasia

Answer 7

• “new growth”
• tumor
• benign or malignant
• prefix indicates source tissue (lipo(fat) or adeno (glandular))
• suffix helps indicate benign or malignant

Question 8

“oma” indicates

Answer 8

benign

Question 9

“sarcoma” indicates

Answer 9

malignant

Question 10

“carcinoma” indicates

Answer 10

malignant

Question 11

Describe a Benign Tumor

Answer 11

• cells will differentiate
• grow slowly
• encapsulated
• local effects
• not invasive
• do not metastasize

Question 12

Describe a Malignant Tumor

Answer 12

• cancerous
• poorly differentiated (anaplasia)
• grow rapidly
• non-encapsulated
• generalized effects
• invasive (sends out crab like extensions)
• can spread distantly (metastasis)

Question 13

A-E of Malignant Skin

Answer 13

A- asymmetry
B- border
C- color 
D- diameter 
E- evolving

Question 14

Cellular Adaptation from Physiologic to Pathogenic (6)

Answer 14

1. Atrophy
2. Hypertrophy
3. Hyperplasia
4. Metaplasia
5. Dysplasia
6. Neoplasia

Question 15

List the 12 Descriptors of Carcinogenesis

Answer 15

1. Sustaining Proliferative Signalling
2. Avoiding Immune Destruction
3. Evading Growth Suppressors
4. Enabling Replicative Immortality
5. Tumor Promoting Inflammation
6. Activating Invasion and Metastasis
7. Genome Instability
8. Inducing Angigenesis
9. Resist Cell Death
10. Deregulating Cellular Energetics

Question 16

Sustaining Proliferative Signalling

Answer 16

stimulate themselves to grow continuously

Question 17

Avoiding Immune Destruction

Answer 17

have “cloak” so T-Cells do not recognize

Question 18

Evading Growth Suppressors

Answer 18

evade or do not have growth suppressors

Question 19

Enabling Replicative Immortality

Answer 19

do not die

Question 20

Tumor Promoting Inflammations

Answer 20

cyclical (tumors cause inflammation, inflammation causes tumors)

Question 21

Inducing Angigenesis

Answer 21

create own blood supply

Question 22

Resist Cell Death

Answer 22

no apoptosis

Question 23

Deregulating Cellular Energetics

Answer 23

can use unusual sources of energy (pyruvic acid, lactic acid etc.)

Question 24

What are the Three Most Important Characteristics of Carcinogenesis

Answer 24

1. Sustained Growth
2. Resist Death
3. Invasion and Metastasis
   - absent contact inhibition
   - less adhesion
   - no anchorage dependence
   - motility

Question 25

What is the Epidemiology of Carcinogenesis?

Answer 25

unknown

Question 26

What is the Etiology of Carcinogenesis

Answer 26

- multifactoral alterations in genes - tobacco - age - genetics - down syndrome - gender - alcohol - chronic inflammation - infection - occupation - radiation (UV and Ionizing) - # of sexual partners - obesity - hormones - diet

Question 27

What are some infections that can lead to carcinogenesis?

Answer 27

- H. pylori - herpes - HPV - Hepatitis

Question 28

How does a woman's cycle affect cancer etiology?

Answer 28

- the more cycles a woman has the more hormone variations the body goes through and therefore the higher the risk - early menstruation - late menopause - few pregnancies

Question 29

Clinical Manifestations of Cancer

Answer 29

- fatigue - anemia - cachexia - paraneoplastic syndromes - pain

Question 30

What causes fatigue to be a clinical manifestation in cancer?

Answer 30

dysregulation of physiologic, biochemical, and psychological cycles and systems

Question 31

What causes anemia to be a clinical manifestations in cancer?

Answer 31

- low Hb from bone marrow invasion, bleeding tumors, malnutrition, or chemo

Question 32

What is cachexia and what causes it to be a clinical manifestation in cancer?

Answer 32

- weight loss - wasting of body muscle and fat - common with solid tumors - children and elderly

Question 33

What causes pain to be a clinical manifestation of cancer?

Answer 33

- not common in early stages | - influenced by fear, anxiety, sleep loss, fatigue

Question 34

Paraneoplastic Syndrome

Answer 34

malignant tumors secrete neurotransmittors - ADH - ACTH - hypercalcemia - pro-coagulation factors

Question 35

Classification and Staging of Cancers

Answer 35

``` T- tumor N- nodes M- metastasis then Stage 0-4 ```

Question 36

What does "In situ" mean?

Answer 36

- in place | - has not invaded muscularis tissue

Question 37

Radiation Therapy

Answer 37

- pre or post operative - may be with surgury or chemo - localized - kill rapidly dividing cells

Question 38

Cemotherapy

Answer 38

- systemic | - kill rapidly dividing cells

Question 39

Hormone Therapy

Answer 39

- deprive cancer cells of hormone signals to divide

Question 40

Biotherapy

Answer 40

- monoclonal antibodies | T- cells kill cancer cells

Question 41

Side Effects of Chemo... why

Answer 41

- hair and skin loss - bone marrow - gastro ulcers all of the above are rapidly dividing cells which chemo is designed to kill