Class 3- Immunity Flashcards
1
Q
Adaptive/Acquired Immunity is the body’s ____ line of defence.
A
third
2
Q
Characteristics of Adaptive/Acquired Immunity
A
- Specificity (pathogen specific response)
- Memory (long term protection)
- Inducible (by vaccines or the like)
- Self- tolerance (identifies “self”)
3
Q
Two “Arms” of Adaptive Immunity
A
- Humoral (B Cells)
2. Cellular (T Cells)
4
Q
Describe Humoral Adaptive Immunity
A
- B Cells
- produces antibodies
- bacteria and viruses
5
Q
Describe Cellular Adaptive Immunity
A
- T Cells
- react directly with antigen (protein) on cell surface
- viruses and cancer cells
6
Q
What is Hypersensitivity?
A
- excessive/ inappropriate response to antigen resulting in disease or damage to host
- antibody (B) or Cell (T) mediated
7
Q
What are the four types of Hypersensitivity?
A
- Allergy
- Autoimmunity
- Alloimmunity
- Self-Tolerance
8
Q
Describe Allergy
A
- harmful effects of hypersensitivity to environmental antigens
9
Q
Describe Autoimmunity
A
- disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens
10
Q
Describe Alloimmunity
A
- immune reaction to tissues of another individual
- causes transplant or graft rejection
11
Q
Describe Self-Tolerance
A
- body recognizes self-antigens as foreign, causes not understood
12
Q
Describe Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions
A
- IgE
- mast cell degeneration
- usually related to environmental allergens
13
Q
Describe the steps of Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions
A
- IgE binds to receptors on mast cells (Host is Sensitized)
_________Subsequent Exposure_________ - allergen binds with IgE on mast cell
- histamine binds with HI receptors that cause symptoms
14
Q
What systems are most affected by Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions
A
- skin (itching, urticaria, edema)
- resp tract (rhinitis)
- GI tract (cramps, malabsorption)
15
Q
Describe an Anaphylactic Reaction
- Predisposition
- Symptoms
- Treatment
A
- genetic predisposition
- wheezing/ difficulty breathing
- hypotension
- tachycardia
- nausea/vomiting
- diarrhea
- epinephrine
- corticosteroids
- antihistamines
16
Q
Describe Type II Hypersensitivity Reaction
A
- IgM
- IgG
- antigen/antibody complex forms on cell surface
- tissue specific
- cells are lysed or phagocytized
17
Q
Type II Allergy
A
- antibiotics (sometimes)
18
Q
Type II Autoimmune
A
Thrombocytopnea
19
Q
Type II Alloimmune
A
Hemolytic Disease of Newborn
20
Q
Describe Hemolytic Disease of Newborn
- Description
- Severity
- Treatment
A
- occurs with a mom who i Rh- and a baby that is Rh+
- during delivery of first baby, mom exposed to Rh factor
- mom develops antibodies to Rh factor
- in subsequent pregnancies the antibodies cause hemolysis in the fetus
- can be mild (jaundice) or severe (miscarraige)
- prevent formation of antibodies
- injection of Rh immuno globulin (rhogam) during pregnancy and after delivery prevents formation of antibodies
- identification of at risk babies (fetal Rh testing)
- intrauterine transfusion
- exchange transfusion after birth (removes hemolyzed RBC’s)
21
Q
Describe Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions
A
- IgM
- IgG
- antigen/antibody complexes formed in circulation and later deposited in different tissues
22
Q
Type III Allergy
A
- antibiotics (sometimes)
23
Q
Type III Autoimmune
A
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
24
Q
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
A
- antigen/antibody complexes formed in circulation and later deposited in different tissues
- skin, muscle, bone, heart, kidneys, lungs, repro organs, nerves
- more common in females
25
Manifestations of Lupus
- arthralgias or arthritis
- vasculitis and rash
- renal disease
- hematologentic changes
- cardiovascular disease
26
Diagnosis of Lupus
* must have 4/11
1. Facial rash
2. Discoid Rash (raised/scaling)
3. Photosensitivity
4. oral/nasopharengeal Ulcers
5. Arthritis
6. Inflammation heart and/or lungs
7. Renal disorder
8. Neurologic disorder
9. Hematologic Disorder
10. Immune Disorder
11. Presence of Antibody
27
Describe Type IV Hypersensitivity
- cell mediated (T)
| - contact dermatitis skin test for TB, poison ivy, acute, organ rejection
28
Type IV Alloimmune
Acute Organ Rejection
29
Acute organ Rejection
- T-cell response to unmatched HLA antigens
| - within days to months of transplant
30
Type IV Autoimmune
Hashimato's Thyroiditis
31
Prevention of Acute Organ Rejection
1. Tissue Typing
- human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching
2. Immunosuppressive
- corticosteroids
- cytotoxic drugs (destroy lymph tissues)
- anti-lymphocyte serum: specific to T-cells
32
What is an immune deficiency?
- failure of immune mechanisms of self-defence
- primary or secondary
- B or T cells
33
Primary Immunodeficiency
usually from single gene abnormalities
34
Secondary Immunodeficiency
- more common
- aging
- complications of other conditions( trauma, stress, dietary insufficiencies, medical treatments, pregnancy, infection etc.)
- clinical hallmark: developmentof unusual or recurrent severe infections
35
B Cell Deficiencies (Humoral)
- recurrent and life- threatening bacterial infections
36
T Cell Deficiencies (Cellular)
- viral, fungal, yeast, atypical
- cancers
- usually more serious
37
General Treatment of Immunodeficiencies
- replace missing component of the immune system
- Gamma globulin Therapy
- transplantation (bone marrow, thymus, stem cell)
- Gene therapy
38
Primary T-Lymphocyte Deficiency
- Di George Syndrome
- partial lack of thymus
C- cardiac and aortic defects
A- abnormal facial features
T- thymic aplasia/hyperplasia
C- cleft palate
H- hypocalcemia/Hypoparathyroidism
39
Secondary T-Lymohocyte Deficiency
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
- cause by HIV
- depletes body's CD4 T-helper cells
- CD4 needed for development of both plasma cells (antibodies) and cytotoxic T cells
- incidence of HIV infection
- antiviral therapies have made HOB chronic
40
Epidemiology of HIV
- blood-borne pathogen transmitted through sexual contact, blood-to-blood, breastfeeding etc.
- increase in women (more than men)
most transmission through heterosexual contact
41
Stages of HIV/AIDS
1. Acute Infection
2. Clinical Latency
3. AIDS
42
Describe Acute Infection Stage
- increased viral levels
- decreased CD4 cells
- antibodies within 4-7 weeks of exposure (sero-negative for 6-14 months)
- flu-like symptoms within 2-4 weeks
43
Describe Clinical Latency Stage
- asymptomatic
| - can last decades with treatment
44
Describe AIDS Stage
- vulnerable to infections and cancers
45
How does stress effect the immune response?
- direct SNS innervation of thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph tissue, bone marrow
- receptors on immunce cells for stress hormones and neurotransmitters
- increase in cortisol, NE, E during stress
46
Increase in Stress hormones cause...
- atrophy of the thymus (less resistance to infections and cancer) (T)
- increased antibody response (B) (increased allergy and autoimmune response)
- may enhance or suppress inflammatory response (depends on stressor)
47
Stress is linked to...
- coronary disease
- cancers
- infections
- diabetes
- depression
- increased aging
