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Pathophysiology > Class 3- Immunity > Flashcards

Class 3- Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptive/Acquired Immunity is the body’s ____ line of defence.

A

third

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2
Q

Characteristics of Adaptive/Acquired Immunity

A
  1. Specificity (pathogen specific response)
  2. Memory (long term protection)
  3. Inducible (by vaccines or the like)
  4. Self- tolerance (identifies “self”)
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3
Q

Two “Arms” of Adaptive Immunity

A
  1. Humoral (B Cells)

2. Cellular (T Cells)

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4
Q

Describe Humoral Adaptive Immunity

A
  • B Cells
  • produces antibodies
  • bacteria and viruses
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5
Q

Describe Cellular Adaptive Immunity

A
  • T Cells
  • react directly with antigen (protein) on cell surface
  • viruses and cancer cells
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6
Q

What is Hypersensitivity?

A
  • excessive/ inappropriate response to antigen resulting in disease or damage to host
  • antibody (B) or Cell (T) mediated
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7
Q

What are the four types of Hypersensitivity?

A
  1. Allergy
  2. Autoimmunity
  3. Alloimmunity
  4. Self-Tolerance
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8
Q

Describe Allergy

A
  • harmful effects of hypersensitivity to environmental antigens
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9
Q

Describe Autoimmunity

A
  • disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens
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10
Q

Describe Alloimmunity

A
  • immune reaction to tissues of another individual

- causes transplant or graft rejection

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11
Q

Describe Self-Tolerance

A
  • body recognizes self-antigens as foreign, causes not understood
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12
Q

Describe Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions

A
  • IgE
  • mast cell degeneration
  • usually related to environmental allergens
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13
Q

Describe the steps of Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions

A
  1. IgE binds to receptors on mast cells (Host is Sensitized)
    _________Subsequent Exposure_________
  2. allergen binds with IgE on mast cell
  3. histamine binds with HI receptors that cause symptoms
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14
Q

What systems are most affected by Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions

A
  • skin (itching, urticaria, edema)
  • resp tract (rhinitis)
  • GI tract (cramps, malabsorption)
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15
Q

Describe an Anaphylactic Reaction

  1. Predisposition
  2. Symptoms
  3. Treatment
A
    • genetic predisposition
    • wheezing/ difficulty breathing
    • hypotension
    • tachycardia
    • nausea/vomiting
    • diarrhea
    • epinephrine
    • corticosteroids
    • antihistamines
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16
Q

Describe Type II Hypersensitivity Reaction

A
  • IgM
  • IgG
  • antigen/antibody complex forms on cell surface
  • tissue specific
  • cells are lysed or phagocytized
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17
Q

Type II Allergy

A
  • antibiotics (sometimes)
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18
Q

Type II Autoimmune

A

Thrombocytopnea

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19
Q

Type II Alloimmune

A

Hemolytic Disease of Newborn

20
Q

Describe Hemolytic Disease of Newborn

  1. Description
  2. Severity
  3. Treatment
A
    • occurs with a mom who i Rh- and a baby that is Rh+
    • during delivery of first baby, mom exposed to Rh factor
    • mom develops antibodies to Rh factor
    • in subsequent pregnancies the antibodies cause hemolysis in the fetus
    • can be mild (jaundice) or severe (miscarraige)
    • prevent formation of antibodies
    • injection of Rh immuno globulin (rhogam) during pregnancy and after delivery prevents formation of antibodies
    • identification of at risk babies (fetal Rh testing)
    • intrauterine transfusion
    • exchange transfusion after birth (removes hemolyzed RBC’s)
21
Q

Describe Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions

A
  • IgM
  • IgG
  • antigen/antibody complexes formed in circulation and later deposited in different tissues
22
Q

Type III Allergy

A
  • antibiotics (sometimes)
23
Q

Type III Autoimmune

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

24
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A
  • antigen/antibody complexes formed in circulation and later deposited in different tissues
  • skin, muscle, bone, heart, kidneys, lungs, repro organs, nerves
  • more common in females
25
Q

Manifestations of Lupus

A
  • arthralgias or arthritis
  • vasculitis and rash
  • renal disease
  • hematologentic changes
  • cardiovascular disease
26
Q

Diagnosis of Lupus

A
  • must have 4/11
    1. Facial rash
    2. Discoid Rash (raised/scaling)
    3. Photosensitivity
    4. oral/nasopharengeal Ulcers
    5. Arthritis
    6. Inflammation heart and/or lungs
    7. Renal disorder
    8. Neurologic disorder
    9. Hematologic Disorder
    10. Immune Disorder
    11. Presence of Antibody
27
Q

Describe Type IV Hypersensitivity

A
  • cell mediated (T)

- contact dermatitis skin test for TB, poison ivy, acute, organ rejection

28
Q

Type IV Alloimmune

A

Acute Organ Rejection

29
Q

Acute organ Rejection

A
  • T-cell response to unmatched HLA antigens

- within days to months of transplant

30
Q

Type IV Autoimmune

A

Hashimato’s Thyroiditis

31
Q

Prevention of Acute Organ Rejection

A
  1. Tissue Typing
    - human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching
  2. Immunosuppressive
    - corticosteroids
    - cytotoxic drugs (destroy lymph tissues)
    - anti-lymphocyte serum: specific to T-cells
32
Q

What is an immune deficiency?

A
  • failure of immune mechanisms of self-defence
  • primary or secondary
  • B or T cells
33
Q

Primary Immunodeficiency

A

usually from single gene abnormalities

34
Q

Secondary Immunodeficiency

A
  • more common
  • aging
  • complications of other conditions( trauma, stress, dietary insufficiencies, medical treatments, pregnancy, infection etc.)
  • clinical hallmark: developmentof unusual or recurrent severe infections
35
Q

B Cell Deficiencies (Humoral)

A
  • recurrent and life- threatening bacterial infections
36
Q

T Cell Deficiencies (Cellular)

A
  • viral, fungal, yeast, atypical
  • cancers
  • usually more serious
37
Q

General Treatment of Immunodeficiencies

A
  • replace missing component of the immune system
  • Gamma globulin Therapy
  • transplantation (bone marrow, thymus, stem cell)
  • Gene therapy
38
Q

Primary T-Lymphocyte Deficiency

A
  • Di George Syndrome
  • partial lack of thymus
    C- cardiac and aortic defects
    A- abnormal facial features
    T- thymic aplasia/hyperplasia
    C- cleft palate
    H- hypocalcemia/Hypoparathyroidism
39
Q

Secondary T-Lymohocyte Deficiency

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

  • cause by HIV
  • depletes body’s CD4 T-helper cells
  • CD4 needed for development of both plasma cells (antibodies) and cytotoxic T cells
  • incidence of HIV infection
  • antiviral therapies have made HOB chronic
40
Q

Epidemiology of HIV

A
  • blood-borne pathogen transmitted through sexual contact, blood-to-blood, breastfeeding etc.
  • increase in women (more than men)
    most transmission through heterosexual contact
41
Q

Stages of HIV/AIDS

A
  1. Acute Infection
  2. Clinical Latency
  3. AIDS
42
Q

Describe Acute Infection Stage

A
  • increased viral levels
  • decreased CD4 cells
  • antibodies within 4-7 weeks of exposure (sero-negative for 6-14 months)
  • flu-like symptoms within 2-4 weeks
43
Q

Describe Clinical Latency Stage

A
  • asymptomatic

- can last decades with treatment

44
Q

Describe AIDS Stage

A
  • vulnerable to infections and cancers
45
Q

How does stress effect the immune response?

A
  • direct SNS innervation of thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph tissue, bone marrow
  • receptors on immunce cells for stress hormones and neurotransmitters
  • increase in cortisol, NE, E during stress
46
Q

Increase in Stress hormones cause…

A
  • atrophy of the thymus (less resistance to infections and cancer) (T)
  • increased antibody response (B) (increased allergy and autoimmune response)
  • may enhance or suppress inflammatory response (depends on stressor)
47
Q

Stress is linked to…

A
  • coronary disease
  • cancers
  • infections
  • diabetes
  • depression
  • increased aging

Pathophysiology (14 decks)

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