Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Class 5- Alterations in Fluid and Electrolytes Acid-Base > Flashcards

Class 5- Alterations in Fluid and Electrolytes Acid-Base Flashcards

1
Q

Fluid % of…

  1. Intracellular
  2. Interstitial
  3. Intravascular
  4. Transcellular
A
  1. 66%
  2. 24%
  3. 7%
  4. 2%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Isotonic Loss

A
  • water and sodium are lost in proportion

- from vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, diuretic therapy, hyperaldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Isotonic Loss causes…

A
  • increased thirst
  • decreased urine
  • flat neck veins
  • decreased weight
  • decreased BP
  • lethargy
  • tenting skin (poor turgor)
  • increased HR
  • increased antidiuretic
  • less responsive
  • increased aldosterone
  • sunken eyes in elderly and babies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Treatment for Isotonic Loss

A
  • replace isotonic fluid

- eg. saline IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Intravascular Fluid Volume Excess: Fluid Overload

A
  • isotonic gained
  • water and sodium gained in proportion
  • not usually an issue in people with normal heart, liver, and kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Intravascular Fluid Volume Excess (Fluid Overload) caused by?

A
  • heart failure
  • too much isotonic solution uptake
  • kidney failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Intravascular Fluid Volume Excess

A
  • increased weight
  • increased neck vein distention
  • increased BP (depending on organ function)
  • decreased HR (depending on organ function)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Treatment for Intravascular Fluid Volume Excess

A
  • medication

- dialysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Edema: Interstitial Space

A
  • swelling

- fluid always remains in interstitial space to be drained by lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Edema is caused by…

A
  • increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • decreased capillary oncotic pressure d
  • increased capillary permeability
  • increased interstitial oncotic pressure
  • lymphatic obstruction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Manifestations of Edema

A
  • localized edema
  • dependent areas
  • pulmonary edema
  • pitting edema
  • generalized edema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe Pulmonary Edema Symptoms

A
  • difficulty breathing
  • abnormal breath sounds
  • increased resp rate
  • increased fluid in lungs
  • abnormal breath sounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Edema Treatment

A
  • elevating swollen limb
  • elastic support stockings
  • diuretic drug
  • intravenous albumin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What changes fluid in intracellular space?

A

Na imbalances which regulates osmotic forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hypertonic Imbalances

A
  • increased concentration of extracellular fluid
  • water shifts out of cells
  • serum sodium is greater than 145mEq/L
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Hypertonicity caused by?

A
  • sodium excess
  • water deficit
  • decreased ADH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of hypertonicity?

A
  • cell dehydration
  • dry skin
  • thirst
  • agitation
  • restlessness
  • headache
  • seizures
  • coma
  • increased reflexes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is most dangerously effected by hypertonicity?

A
  • dehydrated neurons

- cause dangerous neurological symptoms

19
Q

Hypotonic Imbalances

A
  • concentration of extracellular fluid is decreased
  • water moves into cells
  • cellular edema
  • serum sodium is less than 135mEq/L
20
Q

What is hypotonicity caused by?

A
  • sodium deficit

- water excess

21
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of hypotonicity?

A
  • primarily related to cell swelling
  • neurological (headache, seizures, lethargy, coma)
  • decreased reflexes
  • muscle cramps
  • weakness
22
Q

Electrolyte Imbalances

A
  • potassium is mostly intracellular (THE most dominant intracellular cation)
  • sodium is mostly extracellular
  • concentrations maintained by sodium potassium pump and ion channels
23
Q

Sodium

  1. Two Imbalance Conditions
  2. Systems Affected
A
    • Hypernatremia (hypertonic)
    • Hyponatremia (hypotonic)
    • neuromuscular
    • CNS- consciousness level
    • MSK- muscle cramps and weakness
24
Q

Potassium: Hyperkalemia

A
  • renal disease
  • cell injury (crush injury)
  • too much intake
  • acidosis
  • hypoaldosteronism
  • medications: ACE inhibitors
25
Q

Potassium: Hypokalemia

A
  • diarrhea
  • NG suction
  • too little intake
  • starvation not replacing K
  • alkalosis
  • hyperaldosteronism
  • medications: some diuretics
26
Q

Major systems affected by potassium imbalances

A
  • cardiac
  • neurological
  • cardiac show dysrhythmias and cardiac arrest
  • CNS reflexes and LOC affected
27
Q

Calcium

A
  • parathyroid disease
  • Vitamin D imbalance
  • malignancies
  • musculoskeletal and cardiac show manifestations
  • BP
  • muscle tone
28
Q

H+ Imblanaces

A
  • required to maintain membrane potential integrity
  • regulates speed of nerve impulse conduction and muscle fibre contraction
  • maintains speed of enzyme reactions
29
Q

Normal pH in arterial blood

A
  • 7.35-7.45
30
Q

Volatile Secretion of Acids

A
  • carbonic acid
  • eliminated by the lungs as CO2
  • resp system excretes CO2 by increasing or decreasing ventilation rate
31
Q

Nonvolatile Secretion of Acids

A
  • sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids

- eliminated by renal tubules

32
Q

How does the renal system control pH?

A

excreting or conserving H+ or HCO3-

33
Q

What compensates for Respiratory Alkalosis or Acidocis?

A

kidneys

34
Q

What compensates for metabolic alkalosis or acidosis?

A

lungs

35
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A
  • too much CO2

- CO2 converted to carbonic acid (pH<7.35)

36
Q

What is Respiratory Acidosis caused by?

A
  • slow/shallow breathing
  • head injury
  • spinal cord injury
  • drug overdose
  • poor gas exchange due to lung disease
37
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

A
  • too little CO2 (PCO2 <35mmHg)
  • less carbonic acid
  • pH> than 7.45
38
Q

What is Respiratory Alkalosis caused by?

A
  • rapid deep breathing
  • respiratory failure
  • anxiety
  • some neuro disorders
39
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A
  • not enough bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) to counteract acid
40
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

A
  • too much bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) or not enough acid
  • pH>7.45
  • HCO3>26mEq/L
41
Q

What is Metabolic Alkalosis caused by?

A
  • excess acid loss (kidney, vomiting, gastric suction)

- excessive base intake (antacid OD)

42
Q

Partial Compensation

A

pH will move towards normal but not within normal range

43
Q

Full Compensation

A

pH will become fully within normal range

Pathophysiology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions