Midterm II Diseases and Conditions Review

Question 1

Describe what Iron Deficient RBCs Look Like

Answer 1

• microcytic

- hypochromic (small and pale)

Question 2

Describe what Pernicious RBC Look Like

Answer 2

• macrocytic
• normochromic
  ( large, red RBCs)

Question 3

Which type of Anemia has many Neurological Symptoms

Answer 3

Pernicious Anemia

Question 4

What Can Folate Deficient Anemia in Pregnancy Cause

Answer 4

• CV disease

- neural tube defects

Question 5

What is the difference between Hodgkin’s and Non-Hodgekin’s Lymphoma

Answer 5

• hodgekins has a local start at a younger age while non is more severe, affects multiple nodes, and spreads erratically in older people

Question 6

Hypovolemic Shock

Answer 6

• low fluid volume in blood

Question 7

Cardiogenic Shock

Answer 7

• impaired contractility of heart
• not common
• more severe (weak to no pulse and little to no urine output)
• neuro symptoms

Question 8

Distributive Shock (three types and general symptoms)

Answer 8

• vasodilation
• decreased BP
• warm and pink
• bounding pulse
  1. Anaphylactic- wheezing, edema, hives
  2. Septic- fever, increased WBC
  3. Neurogenic- spinal injury, increased resp rate

Question 9

Variant Angina

Answer 9

• vessel spasm caused by too much SNS and decreased vasodilators
• cyclical pain at night

Question 10

Stable Angina

Answer 10

• atherosclerosis
• narrowing of vessel lumen
• triggered by increased cardiac oxygen demand
• predictable pain

Question 11

Unstable Angina

Answer 11

• atherosclerosis

- prone to rupture

Question 12

Bacterial Meningitis

Answer 12

• rapid onset
• dangerous
• purpura
• tight hams and neck
• CSF glucose test

Question 13

Left Heart Failure

Answer 13

• inability to push blood into systemic circulation
• pulmonary backflow
• lung symptoms (frothy pink sputum)

Question 14

Right Heart Failure

Answer 14

• inability to push blood into pulmonary circulation
• systemic backflow
• hypoxemia
• diuretics used to unload heart
• edema

Question 15

Acute Diabetes Complications

Answer 15

1. Hypoglycemia
   
   • not enough food too much insulin or exercise
2. Diabetic Ketoacidocis
   
   • lack of insulin
   • kussmaul resps
3. HHNS
   
   • profound fluid loss
   • slow progression
   • hospitalization

Question 16

Chronic Diabetes Complications

Answer 16

1. Macrovascular
   
   • heart issues
   • MI/Stroke
   • foot ulcers
   • gangrenous feet
2. Microvascular
   
   • ischemia of eyes and kidneys
3. Neuropathies
   
   • nerve ischemia
   • nerve demyelination
4. Infection
   
   • impaired WBC
   • increased glucose

Question 17

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 17

• grave’s
• autoantibodies act as TSH
• protruding eyes (xophthalmas)
• dehydrating
• everything speeds up

Question 18

Hypothyroidism

Answer 18

• Hashimoto’s
• periorbital edema
• everything slows down

Question 19

Hypercortisolism

Answer 19

• Cushing’s syndrome
• ectopic ACTH production
• iatrogenic (longterm glucocorticoid therapy)
• increased blood glucose, buffalo hump, moonface etc

Question 20

Hypocortisolism

Answer 20

• Primary- addison’s

- Secondary- sudden withdrawal of glucocorticoid therapy

Question 21

Signs of a Stroke

Answer 21

F- face
A- arms
S- speech
T- time

Question 22

Ischemic Thrombotic Stroke

Answer 22

• plaque in brain prone to rupture

- blood flow obstruction

Question 23

Ischemic Embolic Stroke

Answer 23

• bits of clot elsewhere block blood flow to brain

Question 24

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Answer 24

• spontaneous blood vessel rupture

- increased fatality

Question 25

Provoked Seizure

Answer 25

- from another underlying disorder (fever)

Question 26

Unprovoked Seizure

Answer 26

- recurrent - genetic - auras - epilepticus

Question 27

Primary Brain Neoplasm

Answer 27

- from supporting brain cells - risks increase up to 70 yrs - Supra- adult - intra- kid

Question 28

Types of Focal TBI

Answer 28

1. Skull Fracture 2. Contusions- brain bruise 3. Hematomas- clotted blood

Question 29

Types of Diffuse TBI

Answer 29

1. Concussions 2. CTE- post concussion, progressive, leads to Alzheimer's 3. DAI- increased morbidity, shaken baby, damages axons, unpredictable outcome

Question 30

Chronic Venous Insufficiency

Answer 30

- venous return over long period | - causing venous status uclers

Question 31

Dyslipidemia

Answer 31

H better then L, L leads to atherosclerosis

Question 32

DVT

Answer 32

- lower extremities - stasis of blood flow - hypocoagulability - increased embolism risk if untreated

Question 33

Steps of Atherosclerosis

Answer 33

1. edothelium is injured allowing LDL enters epithelium 2. LOL oxidized by RAO 3. Macrophages engulf oxidized LDL 4. LDL turn into foam cells 5. Build up of foam cells lead to lipid pool and then to plaque - pain in legs when walking

Question 34

SIADH

Answer 34

- increased ADH - decreased urine - decreased serum sodium - hypotonic

Question 35

Diabetes Insipidus

Answer 35

- decreased ADH - hypertonic - cretism in kids

Question 36

Autonomic Dysreflexia

Answer 36

- sympathetic response below injury | - disconnect between PNS and SNS