CLINICAL AND ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards
(237 cards)
1
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CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
A
- study of theory, assessment, and treatment of mental and emotional disorders
2
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Psychoanalytical theory
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- Sigmund Freud
- most extensive complex theory of human nature
- conflict central to human nature, between drives of conscious and unconscious
- individuals motivated by drive reduction
3
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Greatest conflict in psychoanalytical theroy
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- 1st was between libido (sex) and ego
- later revised that conflict is between eros (life instinct) and thanatos (death instict)
4
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Layout of mind in psychoanalytical theroy
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- first viewed layout of mind as a topographic model of mental life which conscious elements were openly acknolwedged forced and unconscious elements e.g. drives and wishes and layers below consciousness
- later model is was structural = mental life has particular organization rather than layers
5
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3 components of structural organization:
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1) ego
2) id
3) superego
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Ego
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- mediates between envionrment and pressures of id and superego
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Id
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- contains unconscious biological drives
- life at birth consists of id (biological drives e.g. aggression) then develops to include unconscious wishes
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Superego
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- imposed learned or socialized drives
- not born with - influenced by moral and parental training
9
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How well a person handles their ego =
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- determines their mental health
- constant push pull between competing forces of id, superego, and environment
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Abnormal theory (psychoanalytical)
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- result of repressed drives and conflicts that manifest in dysfunctional ways
- pathological behaviour, dreams, and unconscious behavior are symptoms of underlying unresolved conflicts
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Psychic determinisms
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- pathological behavior from unresolved conflict is manifested when ego does not find acceptable ways to express conflict
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Therapy (psychoanalytical)
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- Psychoanalysis or analysis
- seen 4-5x week vs. 1x or 2x and for many years
- intitially used hyponosis and later switched to free association
13
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Charcot and Janet
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- hypnosis
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Breuer
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- free association
- process in which patients reeports thoughts
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Catharsis or abreaction
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- discharge of repressed emotion through free association
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Transference
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- central idea to psychoanalysis
- patients react to therapist like they reacted to their parents
- serve as metaphor for patient’s repressed emotions about parents
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Countertransference
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- how therapist feels about their patient
- unconscious feelings or wishes
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Object relations theory
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- therapist uses patients transference to help them resolve problems that were result of previous relationships by correcting emotional experience in their therapist-patient realtionship
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Goal of therapy (psychoanalyitical)
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- lessen unconscious pressures by making much of this material conscious as possible
- allow ego to better mediate forces
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Criticism (psychoanaylitical)
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- develops theories from single cases studies of woman
- not scientific method
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Aggression
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- central force in humans that must find socially acceptable outlet
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Defense mechanism
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- way in which ego protects itself from threatening unconscious material/environmental forces
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Repression/denail
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- not allowing threatening material into awareness
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Rationalization
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- justifying/rationalizing behavior or feelings that cause guilt
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Projection
- accusing others of having one's own unacceptable feelings
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Displacement
- shifting unacceptable feelings or action to less threatening recipient
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Reaction formation
- embracing feelings or behaviours opposite to the true threatening feeling that one has
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Compensation
- excelling in one area to make up for shortcomings in another
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Sublimination
- channeling threatening drives into acceptable outlets
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Identification
- imitating a central figure in one's life
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Undoing
- performing ritualistic activity in order to relieve anxiety about unconscious drives
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Dreams
- safe outlets for unconcious meterial and wish fulfillment
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Manifest content
- actualy content of reams provides info for latent content
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Latent content
- unconscious forces the dreams are trying to express
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Pleasure principle
- AKA primary process
- human motivation to skeek pleasure, avoid pain
- salient in early life
- where id operates
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Reality principle
- AKA secondary process
| - guided by ego and responds to demands of the environment by delaying gratification
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Screen memory
- serve as representations of important childhood experiences
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Individual theory/Alderian theory
- Alfred Adler
- people are viewed as creative, social and whole
- people realize themselves via "becoming"
- motivated by social needs and feelings of inferiority when current self doesn't match self-ideal
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Will to power
- health individual has will to power to quest for superiort in spite of inferiority
- pursue quest that are outside himself and beneficial to society
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Abnormal theory (Alderian)
- unhealthy individuals are too much affected by inferior feelings to pursue the will to power
- make excuses and if they do pursue goals are self-serving and egotistical
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Therapy (Alderian)
- psychodynamic approach where unconscious feelings play a role
- examination of person's lifestyle and choices
- patient examines motivation perception, goals and resources
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Goal of therapy (Alderian)
- aims to reduce feelings of inferiortiy
| - foster social interest and social contribution
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Criticism (Alderian)
- best use with normal people in search of growth
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What did Alder create?
- a peronality typology based on personal activity and social interest
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Ruling-dominant type (choleric)
- high actibity
- low social contribution
- dominant
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Getting-learning type (phlegmatic)
- low activity
- high social contribution
- dependent
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Avoiding type (melancholic)
- low activity
- low social contribution
- withdrawn
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Socially useful type (sanguine)
- high activity
- high social contribution
- healthy
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Analytical Theory
- Gustav Jung
- freud placed too much emphasis on libido
- psyche was directed towards life and awarness (rather than sex)
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Unconscious is divded into 2 types (jung)
- personal unconscious: material from own experiences that can become conscious
- collective unconcscious: dynamics of psyche inherited from ancestors
- commmon to all people and contain archetypes
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Archetype (jung)
- best knwon concept
- universially meaningful concepts passed down through collective unconscious since beginning of man
- allow us to oranized expericnce across cultures
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Persona (jung)
- person's outer mask
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Shadow (jung)
- person's dark side
| - often projected onto other
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Anima (jung)
- female elements that man possess
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Animus (jung)
- male elemtns that females possess
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Self
- full individual potential, symbolized in cultures by figures
e. g. mandala
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Abnomal theory (jung)
- something is wrong in makeup of the psyche
| - provides clues about how one could become more aware
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Therpy( jung)
- psychodynamic because unconscious elements are addressed
| - material exposed via analsis of individual's dreams, personal symbols etc.
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Goal of therapy (jung)
- use unconscious messages in order to become more aware and closer to full potential
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Criticisms (jung)
- too mystical/spiritual
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Client centered therapy
- rogers
- AKA person centered/Rogerian therapy centered around humanistici and optimistic outlook on human nature
- individuals have atualizing tendency that can direct them out of conflict and toward full potential
- best via atmosphere that fosters growth
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Abormal theroy (roger)
- people who lack congruency between real selves and their conscious self concept
- feelings are inconsistent with acknowledged concept of self
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therapy (roger)
- direct by client
| - therapist is nondirective and only provide atmopshere for client's self-exploration
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Empathy(roger)
- by therapist shoudl appreacite rather than just observe the client's world
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Unconditional positive regard (roger)
- facilitates a trusting and safe environment
| - therapist maintains positive feelings no matter what the therapist chooses
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Genuinessess/congreuence (roger)
- feelings and experiences of therapist should match
| - shoud not maintain a professional reserve but speak genuinely with client
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Goal of therapy (roger)
- provide trusting atmosphere where client can egnahe in self-directed growth
- evidence = congruent self-concept, positive self-regard, internal locus of evluation and willingess to experience
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Criticism (roger)
- used no diagnositc tools because believed that client-centered therapy applied to any psychological problem
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Behaviour Theory
- Skinner, Pavlov, Wolpe
- applicatio of classical and operatn conditions to human abnormal behviaour
- based on learning
- change maladaptie beaviour through new learning
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Radicsl behaviourism
- associatd with skinner's operant ideas
| - behaviour only related to consequences
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Neobehaviourism
- used pavlov's classical couterconditioning principles to create new responses to stimuli
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Abnormal theroy (behaavioursm)
- result of learning
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Therapy (beahvuoursm)
- short term and direted
- thoughts, unconscious etc. are not addressed
- uses techniques of counterconditioning to foster the learning of new responses in client
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Sytematic desensitization (behavioursim)
- developed by Wolpe
- classical conditioning to relieve anxiety
- exposed to increainly anxiety provoking stimuli until anxiety associated with those stimui is decreased
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Flooding or impolsive therapy (behviourism)
- applies classical conditioning in order to relieve anxiety
- repeatdly exposed to any anxiety producing sitmuli so that overeposure leads to lessen anxiety
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Aversion therapy (beahviourism)
- operant pinciple of negative reinforcement to reduce anxiety
- anxiety reaction is created where there was preiously none
- treat addiction and fetishes
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Shaping (behviourism)
- operant conditiongin to change behaviour
| - reinforced for beahviours that come closer to desired action
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Modeling (behviourism)
- employs social learning that exposes client to more adaptive behaviours
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Assertiveness training (beahvuourism)
- provides tools and exprience thorough which client is more assertive
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Role playing (beahvioursm)
- allow client to practive new beaivours and repsonses
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Goal of therapy (beahvoiurism)
- change beaviour in desired or adpative direction
| - extremly successful in treatiung phobias, fetishes, OCD, seuxal probems, and childhood disorders
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Crtiticism (beahviourism)
- accused of treating symptoms rather than underlying probem
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Cognitive thoery
- beck
- consious thought patterns are starring role in peoples lives
- way person interprets experince, rather than the epeirnce itself
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Abnoral theroy (beck)
- maladaptive cognitiongs lead to abnormal beahviours
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Arbitrary inference (beck)
- drawing conlsucions without solid evidnece
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Overgeneralization (beck)
- Mistaking isolated incident for the norm
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Magnifying/minimizing (beck)
- making too much or little of something
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Peronalizing (beck)
- inappropriately taking responsbility
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Dichotomous thining (beck)
back and white thinking
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Cognitive triad
- negative views about self, world and future cuase depression
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Beck depression inventory (BDI)
- measures cognitive traid to guage severity of depression
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Therapy (beck)
- directed therapy to expose maladaptive thought and reasoning patterns
- short term and focus on tangible evidence of client's logica (e.g. what they say or do)
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Goal of therapy (beck)
- to correct maladaptive cognitions
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Criticims (beck)
- address how person thinks rather why pattersn were initally developed
- removing symptoms may not cure the problem
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Rationale-emotive theroy
- albert ellis
- elements of cognitive, behvaioural, emotion theory
- interwined thoughts and feelings produce behaviour
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Abnormal theory (raional emotive)
- tensions is created when activating event occurs (A) and client appies certain beliefs about event (B) and leads to consequence of emotional disruption (C)
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Therapy (rational emotive)
- therapy is directive
| - lead client to dispute (D) the previously applied irrational beliefs
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Goal of thearpy (rational emotive)
- effective rational beliefs(E) is to replace previous self-defeating one
- thought, feelings, behaviours can coexist
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Crticism (rational emotive)
- RET is too sterile and mechanistic like cognitive abdbehavoural
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Gestalt theory (Perls, werthiemer, koffa)
- stand apart from beliefs, biases and attitudes derived from the past
- fully experience and percieve the present to become whole and integrated person
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Abnormal theory (gestalt)
- derived from disturbances of awareness
| - client may not have insight and not fully experince his present situation (now acnowledging situation)
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Therapy (gestalt)
- engages in dialogue with client rather than leading the client toward any goal
- learns from shared dialoge and focus on present rather than past and future
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Goal of therapy (gestalt)
- exploration of awarness and full experieinc of the present
- success is when client is connected to present
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Crticism (gestalt)
- not suited for low-functioning and disturbed clients
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Existential theory (Frankl)
- age-old philosophical ideas about meaning
- greatest struggle are those of being vs. nonbeing and meaingfulness vs. meaninlessness
- constant stive to rise above simply existent (will to meaning)
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Rollo May
- major contributor to existential therapy
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Abnormal therapy (existential)
- response to perceied meaningless in life is neuroris or neurotic activity
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Therapy (existential)
- talking therapy where deep questioning relates to client's perception an meaning of existence are discussed
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Goal of therapy (existential)
- increase sense of being and meaingfulness
| - will alleviate neurotic anxiety
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Criticism (existential)
- called too abstract for distrubed individuals
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Psychopharmacology
- use of medication to treat mental illness
- do not cure illness but effective at alleviating syptoms
- sometimes the only treatment recieved
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Abnormal theroy (psychopharmacology)
- emotional disturbacnes are partly caused by biological factors that can be successfully treated with medication
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Therapy (psychopharmacology)
- aim to affect NT
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Most common NT (monoamines)
- dopamin, serotoning, norepinephrine
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Antipsychotics
- first drugs used for psychopathology
| - treat positive symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamin receptors and inhibit prouction
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Antimanics
- manage bipolar
- inhibit monoamines such as norepinephren and serotinine
- theory that excessive monoamines = mania
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Antidepressants
- opposite action of antimanics
- theory of abnormally low levels of monoamines cause depression
- drugs act to increase monoamines production
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Tricylic antidepressant (TCA)
- have tricyclic chemical structu
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Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)
- type od antidepressent increase monoamines
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
- act only on serotonin
| - more frequently prescribed antidepressant because of few side effects
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Anxiolyntics
- reduce anxiety or to induce sleep by increasing effectiveness of GABA (inhibitory NT)
- high potential for habituation and addiction
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Antabuse
- changes metasbolism of alchol that result in naseua and vomiting when combined with alcohol
- countercondition of alchoholics
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Goal of therapy (psychopharamcology)
- relief from sympomts of psychopathology
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Criticism (psychpharamcology)
- take away symptoms do not provide interpersonal support
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Han Eysenck
- critized effectivness of psychotherapy
- no mroe successful that no treatment at all
- others have contradicted this point
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Anna Freud
- applied Fruedian ideas to child and development
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Malanie Klien
- pioneered objects relation theory and psychoanalysis with childrne
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Neofruedian - Horney
- empahsized culture and society over instinct
| - neuroticism is expressed as movement toward, against, an away from people
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Sullivan - neofrudian
- empahsized social and interpersonal relationships
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Psychodynamic theory
- refers to theroies that emphaize role of unconscious
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Cogitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
- employs principles from cognitive abd behavioural therapy
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Humanistic theory
- refers to theories that emphasize positive, evolving free will in people
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Third Force
- humaistic therapy
| - in psychotherapy the reaction to psychoanalysis and beahviourlism
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Maslow
- leader in humanistic movement
- pyramid of heirarchy of needs
- huans starts from bottom and work i their way up to hierarcy towards self-actualization aby satisfying the needs at previous levels
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Play therapy
- child clients
| - convey emotions, situations, and distrubances
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Electrovconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)
- electric current to brain and induces convulsions
| - effect intervention for severly dperessed
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Family therapy
- treats family togther and views whoel family as the client
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Stress-incoluation training
- Meichenbaum
| - prepares people for foreseeable stressors
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Niel Miller
- abnormal behaviour can be learned
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Evidence based treatment
- refers to treatment for MHC that been shown to produce resuts in empirical research stuidies
- some argue only treatment shown to work in research is ethical
- others argue that controlled experiements are noting like realy treatment enviornment
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Why are antidepressants frquently employed for depression?
- relatively fast relief of symtpoms
- so that person can attend therapy
- psychotherapy can be unsuccessful
- usually require 6 weeks to start working
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Applied psychology
- uses principles or research findinds to solve problems
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DSM 4
-16 categoires of mHC
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Abnormal psychology
- beahviour that is deemed not normal
| - 16 categories
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Mental retardation (childhood)
- IQ of 70 or below
- mild = 55-70
- moderate = 40-55
- sever = 25-40
- profound = under 25
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Learning disorders (childhood)
- problems with social, communication and interests
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Attention deficits ad disruptive behaviour (childhood) (2)
- ADHD is indicative of atention, beahviour problem and ipulsivity
- ODD patterns of behaviour that violate rules, norms or rights of others
148
Tic (childhood)
- tourrettes snydrome e.g.
| - motor and vocal tics
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Elimintation disorders (childhood)
- nocturnal enuresis e.g. bed wetting
| - treated with behaviour modiication
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Delirium (cogitive)
- disturbed consioucness and cogntition
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Dementia (cogntive)
- result from medical condition e.g. alxhiemers, huntingtons, picks's (personality changes)
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Mental disorders via general medical condition
- direct physiological result of medical problem e.g. depression from hypothyriodism
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Substance related disorder
- from use of any toxin
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Dependence (substance)
- continued use depsite probem
- need for more
- desire but inability to stop
- withdrawal
- lessen outisde interest
- time spent locating, using, recovering
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Abuse (substance)
- recurrent use despite danger
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Psychotic disorder
- hallucinations or delusions (erronious beliefs) are present
157
Schizophrenia
- dementia preacox (renamed by bleuler)
- splitmind from reality
- excessive dopamine
158
Positive symptoms (schizo)
- abrnoamally present
| - delusions, perceptiual hallucinations, nonsensical speech, neologism (made up speech)
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Negative symptos (schizo)
- abnormall absent
- flat effect
- restrictions in thoughts, speech, behaviour
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Onsset of sczhiophrenai
- between adolescent and mid-30
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Process schziophrenia
- develops graudally
| - lowe rrate of recovery
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Reactive schizphreni
- develops suddely to event
- higher rate of recovery
- more likely if person has good social and interpersonal skills
163
Diathesis stress theory
- schizophrenia results from physiological predisposition and external stresor
164
Paranoid
- preoccuptions with hallucionations
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Disorganized
- hebphrenic schizophrenia
| - disorganized pseehc, beahviour, flat effect
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Catatonic
- psychomotor disturbances
- catelepsy (waxy figure)
- prominent posturing (grimacing)
- echolalia
- echopraxia (imitating gestures)
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Undifferentiaed
- not fitting in schizo type
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Residual
- few positive symptoms
169
Schizoaffetive
- accompanying depressive episode
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Delusional disorder
- various types
- eromatic (in love with individual)
- grandiose
- jealousy
- persecutory
- somatic (believe body is ugly)
171
Shared psychotic disorder
- folie a deux
| - 2 ppl with shared delusions
172
MDD
- depressive episode
- weight changes, sleep changes, anhedonia, suicid
- every day for 2 weeks
- twice as common in females
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Dysthmic disorder (mood)
- MDD symptoms with no epidosde
| - more days than none for 2 years
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Bipolar (mood)
- manic dperession
- depressive and manic symptos that alternative
- equal in males and females
175
Panic attack
- under 10 mins
| - intense fear of dying
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Treatment for anxiety
- GAD with anxiolytics, specific anxiety with exposure therapy
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Panic disorder
- recurrent panic attacks that worry about another attack
| - often with mitral vlave heart problem
178
Agoraphobia
- fear of stiaution where panic symptoms might arise
| - fear and avoidance
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Phobia
- recognized, nresonalb efear towards stimuli
| - specific phobia and social phobia
180
OCD
- obsession and compulsions ( mental acts/repititons) that an time consusmming and siruptive
181
PTSD
- exposure to rama that reuslt in decrease ability to function and recurrent thought sna anxiety about trauma
182
Somatoform disorder
- bodily and physicla smyptoms that reduced functioning
183
COnversion disorder (somatoform)
- voluntary movement and paralysis
184
Hypochondrais (somatoform)
- irrational concern about having a sesrious disorder
185
Factitious disorder
- creating physical complains thorugh fabrication and self-inflinction to assume sick role
186
Dissociateive disorder
- disruption in memory or identity (psychogenic disorder)
187
Amnesia (dissociative)
- reterograde (can't remember even before trauma)
| - anterograde
188
Fugue (dissociative)
- fleeing to new location
- forgetting identity
- establishing new idnetity
189
Identifity disorder (disoociative)
- AKA multiple personality disorder
| - 2+ identites
190
Sexual and gender idenity disorder
- fetishes
- arousal prblems
- gender disocomfort
191
Eating disorders
- AN (refusing to eat)
| - BC (binge and compensate)
192
Dyssomnais
- sleep abnormalities
193
Parasomnias
- abnormal behaviours during sleep
194
Insomnia
- diffulty falling or staying alssep
195
Hypersomina
- ecessive sleep
196
Nacolespy
- fallsing asleep everywhre
197
Nightmare
- disurption of sleep via. nighmares
198
Sleep terrors
- dirusption of sleep via. screaming
199
Impulse control disorder (not elsewhere classified)
- giving into ipulse lessions tensions and brings relief
| - diruptive to overall function
200
Kleptomnia
- steal
201
Pyromani
- set fires
202
Pathological gambling
- gamble
203
Trichotillomani
- pull out hair
204
Adjustment disorder
- presence of real stressor decreases functioning
205
Peronality disordrs
- rigid, pervaisve, vulturally abnormal prsonality structures
206
Paranoid (PD)
- distructs
207
Schizoid
- detachment -
| - small rang eof emotion
208
Schizotype
- eceentricity, disotorted reality
209
Antisocial
- disregard for tothers
| - absenc eof guild
210
Borderlin
- insaility in realtionships
| - impuslive
211
Histronic
- attention seeking and emotional
212
Narcissitic
- need for admiration and superiority
213
Avoidnt
- insecury, social inhibitons, hypersensitive
| - perception in indqadeuqnecy
214
Depdnent
- clingy
215
Obeseevvie copuslie
- perfectionism
216
Dopamin
- too much = schozphrenia
- use amphtamines to incree activity - produces paranoid symptoms
- Neuroleptic blocks dopmaine
- parksons = deficieny in dopamin (neuroleptics can cause this)
217
Tardive dyskinesia
- long term use of neuroleptics or psychotropics
| - involuntary movements of tongue, jaw etc.
218
Down syndrome
- trisoy of chromosom 21
219
Cretinism
- idodine deficieny
220
Korskoff's syndome
- vit B deficieny
- loss of memory or orientation
- confabulations = make up events
- from alchoholism
221
Wernicke's syndrome
- thanimine deficieny
| - memory problems and eye dysfucntions
222
Phynlyketonuria (PKU)
- excessive amino acids
| - metabolic error
223
Tay-Sach disease
- resemeble schizphrenia and demantia
| - deficieny of hexoamindase A
224
Klinefelter's syndrom
- XYY male
225
Depression rates
- higher in developed countries
| - woman 2x
226
Ractive depression
- from particular events
| - similar to learned helplessneess
227
Szasz
- sczhiophrenic world is misunderstood or artistic and shouldn't be treated
228
Depressive realism
- idea that depressed have more realistic view of world
229
Fromm and Reichman
- schiophrenogenic moter
| - cause children to be schozphrenic
230
Rosenhan
- diagnostic lables of perception
| - those with fake illnesses acted normal but stilll fit diaonsis
231
Life event stress
- result from large, sudden changes or problems
232
Healthy pschology
- more likely to get sick when stressed
| - social support = better health outcomes
233
Multiaxial assessement
- clients are assessed acros 5 axis for complete picture of their functioning
1) clinical disorders
2) personality disorder
3) general medical
4) psychosocial
5) global
234
APA
- founded in 1892 by stanley hall
- includes american psychologist, psychological bulletin, and psychological abstracts
- also includes PSYC INFO
235
Primary prevention
- attentps to prevent psychosocial problem thorugh direct contact with at-risk people
- proactive intervention that take place before prolems arise
236
Culturally competent interventions
- reconize and tailored to cultural differences
| - learn language, cusoms and norms
237
Community psychology
- taken into communict via community cneters and schools
| - respoects and recognizes logisitics that keep neediest people from seeking help
