LEARNING Flashcards
Thorndike
- law of effect (precursor for operant conditioning)
- behavior revovles around reinforcement - do what rewards us and avoids what punishes us
Lewin
- theory of association (forerunner for behaviourism)
- we group things together based on the fact that they occur together in time and space e.g. associate things with rewards and cues
Pavlov
- classical/palovian conditioning
- teaching someone to respond to an NS (bell) by paring it with a US (food)
Watson
- school of behaviourism
- every behavior can be explained by stimulus-response chains (conditioning is key factor to this)
- only objective observable elements were important
Skinner
- experiment proved Thorndikes law of effect and Watson’s ideas of behaviourism
- Used a skinner box to show that animals are influenced by reinforcement
Operant Conditioning
- behaviour is influnced by reinforcement
Classical conditioning
- using an NS and an UC (food) to create a relationship between the two so that dogs salivate in the presence of either NS or UC
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
- stimulus that does not a response
e. g. bell
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
- produces a response on it’s own
e. g. food
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
- NS that has been paired with the UCS so that the CS will produce a response
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
- Naturally occuring response to the UCS (food)
Conditioned Response (CR)
- Conditioned response that the CS elicits after conditioning (salivating to bell)
- same a the unconditioned response
Stimulus Conditioning
- the UCS and the CS are presented at the same time
Higher order conditioning/Second order conditioning
- previous CS now acts as the UCS
e. g. a bell that elicits the CR is now paired with another NS (a light) so that the light will eventually become the CS and produce the CR
Forward conditioning (name 2 type)
Delayed conditioning: presentation of CS begins before the UCS and last until the UCS is presented
e.g. ring bell continuously until food is presented
Trace conditioning: the CS is presented a terminated before the UCS is presented
e.g. ring bell and stop ringing then present food
Backward conditioning
- present the UCS and then the CS
- is ineffective and encourages inhibitory conditioning and will be even harder to pair in the future
Operant conditioning is also called:
- instrumental conditioning
- rats repeated behaviors that won them rewards and gave up on behaviours that did not
Shaping
- rats are rewarded for behaviours that brought them closer and close to actually pressing the bar
- also called differential reinforcement of successive approximations
- eventually lead rats to desired behaviours where they are rewarded only for the behaviour
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations
- shaping
Primary reinforcement
- natural reinforcement without requirement of learning e.g. water and food
Secondary reinforcement
- learned reinforcer
e. g. money
Positive reinforcement
- type or reward or positive even t that increases the likelihood of a particular response
Negative reinforcement
- is NOT punishment; is reinforcement through the removal of a negative event
e. g. monkey learns to keep riding a bike so a blarring noise stops
Reinforcement/puishment; positive/negative
- reinforcement = increase behaviours
- punishement = decreases behaviours
- positive - adding something
- negative - removing something