PERSONALITY Flashcards
(69 cards)
1
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PERSONALITY
A
- study of why people act the way they do and why different people act differently
- overlap between clinical theorist and personality
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Old school: type theory
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- based on physical appearance
3
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Phrenology (type theory)
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- practice of examinging head and skull shape used to determine personality
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Sheldon (type theory)
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- system based on somatotypes (body)
- 3 types
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Endomorph
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- short, plump body = pleasure seeking, social behaviour
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Mesomorph
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- muscular, atheltic body = energetic, aggressive behaviour
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Ectomorph
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- skinny, fragile body = inhibited, intellectural behaviour
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Alder (personality typology)
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- most recent than sheldon to use personality typology
- choleric, phelgmatic, melancholic, sanguine
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New school: trait theory
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- allport emphasize ideograhpic approach to personality
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Ideographic approach
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- captures unique, defining characteristics
11
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Nomothetic approach
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- uses large numbers of ppl to study commonalites of personality
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Allport’s concern in ideographic approch
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- proprium or propriate function (his version of the ego)
- bevlievd that proprium acted on a consistent basis via traits that had develoed through experiene
13
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Traits
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- stable characteristics of beavhiour that person exhibits
14
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Lexical approach
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- picking all tratis out of dictioning
15
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People act differnt in different situations because of:
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- trait hierarchy
- cardinal trait, central trait, secondary traits
- situations may cause conflicting secondary traits but will always have consistent cardinal traits
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States
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- temporary feelings or characteristiccs
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Taxonomies
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- statistical techniques to create organized categorization systems for personality
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Cattell’s personality facors
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- used factor analysis in reduce allport 5000 traits
- identified 16 bipolar source traits e.g. relaxed-tense
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Big 5
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- using computer models
- could not replicate cattells’ 16 personality factors but found 5 superfactors
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O dimension
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- openness to experience, intellectural curiosity
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C dimension
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- conscienctiousness
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E dimension
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- extraversion, enthusiam
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A dimension
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- agreeableness
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N dimension
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- neuroticism, nervousnesss
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Dispositionits
- orgianlly dominated personality theory
| - emphasized internal determinants of behaviour
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Situationsits
- such as behaviourist aruge that only circusmtances determine baheviour
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Interactionists
- combination of stalbe, internal factors and situations influence behaviour
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Epstien and Mischel
- trait and type theories are problematic
| - assume person's beahviour is stable across situations and fail to account for circumstnaces
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Consistency paradox
- that people may behave inconsistently
| - problematic for labeling people as having 1 internal disposition
30
Cantor
- cogntiive prototpe approach
- cognitive behaviour is examined in social situtions
- consistency of behaviour is result of cognitive process vs. personality traits
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Heritability of personality
- 40-50% based on twin studies
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Nature nuture debate
- most alive in gender difference
| - after accounting for social reinforcement, few gender difference exists
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Deux and women's success
- sterotypical male task are attributed to luck and men's success is attributed to skill
- gender is social construct
- women have lower self-esteem because also contriute success to luck
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Bem - androgyny
- possesing both M and F qualities
- Bem Sex Role Inventory
- have higher self-esteem, lower anxiety, more adapatiblity than counterparts
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Horner
- females shunned masculine type success not because of fear of failure or interest but because they feared success and it's negative reprucssion e.g resentment and rejection
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Maccoby and Jacklin
- critcized sex differnce
- few existed and could not be explained by social learning
- consistent differences are females have greater verbal skills and males have greater visual/spatial ability
- attributed to biological and hormal differnces
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Depression - woman vs. men
- woman 2x
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Friedman and rosenman
- studied type A personality
- drive, competition, aggressiveness, tension and hostility
- found in upper class men
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Dahstrom
- linked type A personality to heart disease
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Authoritarianmis
- dispositon to view world as full of power relationships
| - highly domineering or highly submissivee depdneing on if they are in power or around someone more powerful
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F- scale
- measures authoritarianism
| - conventional, aggression, sterotyping and anti-introspective individuals
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Eysenck
- used factor analysis to find underlying tratis of 2 personality type dimensions
- introversion-extraversion and stable-unstable (neurotic)
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2 dimesnions of Eysenck formed 4 quandrants
- phlegmatic
- melancholic
- choleric
- sanguine
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2 dimensions of Eysenck using factor analysis of the 2 personality-type dimensions
- introversion-extraversion
| - stable-unstable (neuroticism)
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Maslow (personality)
- hierarchy of needs
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Kelley (personality)
- personal constructs (conscious ideas about the self, others, and situations) determine personality and behaviours
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Epstien (personality)
- critical personality trait theory
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External locus of control
- personality characteristics that cause one to view events as the results of luck or fate
- too much of this breeds helplessness
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Internal locus of control
- cause a person to view events as the outcome of her own actions
- too much of this can breed self-blame
(developed by Julian Rotter)
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Julian Rotter
- external and internal locus of control
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Implicit theories
- people often make assumptions about the disposition of an individual based on the actions of that person
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Dispositional attribution
- tendency for other to think that actions are caused by person's personality than by the situation
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Fundamental attribution error
- tendency for others to think that ctions are caused more by a person's personality than by situation
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Barnum effect
- tendency to agree with and accept personality inerpretations that are provided
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Pheomenological view of personaity types
- focuses on individuals' unique self and experiences
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Self awareness (state)
- temporary condition of being aware of how you are thinking, feeling or doing
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Mirrors (personality)
- make people more self-aware
- small mirrors = not make people self-aware because we see small mirrors all the time
- large = see ourselves as others do
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Self-monitoring
- characterized by scutiny of one's own behaviour, motivation to act appropriately rather than honeslty, and ability to mask true feelings
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Self-consciousness
- a trait
- refers to how one generally becomes self-aware
- if you pay alot of attention to yourself = self-aware
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Self-esteem
- knowing that you are worthwhile and being in touch with your actual streghts
- 50% people percieve themselves accurately
- 35% percieve themselves narcissitically
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Self-efficacy
- person's beliefs that they can effectively perform a task
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Narcissim
- believe you are better than everyone
| - unrealistic
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Self-handicapping
- self-defeating beahviour that allows one to dismiss failure
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Learned helplessness
- Seligman
- how expeirne can change peope's personalities
- when feel out of control, negative explanatory style
- person gives up
- countered with learned optimism
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Learned optimism
- countes learned helplessness
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Costa and McCrae
- personality changes very little after age 30
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Stimulus-seeking
- individuals have great need for arousal
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Californi Personality Inventory (CPI)
- 2 most famous personality tests
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Henry Murray
- develop Thematic Apperception test (TAT)
- ambiguous story card
- people would project their own needs onto these cards e.g. need for achievement
