THINKING/COGNITION Flashcards
1
Q
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
A
- study of thinking, processing, and reasoning
2
Q
Concepts
A
- represent relationship between 2 things
3
Q
Hypothesis
A
- ideas used to test relationship and then form concepts
4
Q
Mental set/set
A
- preconeived notion of how to look at problem
- help future problem solving
5
Q
Schema
A
- oranized knowledged from experience
- includes ideas about events, objects and attributes
- new events are categorized based on how well they match existing schemas
6
Q
Scripts
A
- ideas about way events typically unfold
7
Q
Prototypes
A
- represenative or usual or type of event or object
8
Q
Insight
A
- new perspective on old problem
9
Q
Convergent thinking
A
- used to find one solution to problem (first defined by J.P. Guilford)
10
Q
J.P. Guilford
A
- defined convergent an divergent thinking
11
Q
Divergent thinking
A
- more than on possibility exists in situation
e. g. playing chess
12
Q
Functional fixedness
A
- develop closed minds about certain object’s functions
- can’t think divergently about objects
13
Q
Problem space
A
- sum of total possible moves to solve problem
14
Q
Algorithms
A
- problem solving strategies that consider every possible solution and eventually find right solution
- takes a long time
15
Q
Heuristics
A
- problem solving strategies that are rules of thumb/short-cuts that have worked in the past
- don’t guaurantee but solution is faster than algorithms
16
Q
Metacognition
A
- thinking about your own thinking
17
Q
Mediation
A
- intervening mental process that occurs between stimulu and response
- reminds us how to repond based on ideas of past learning
18
Q
Computer simulation models
A
- designed to solve problems like humans
19
Q
Logic theorist –> general problem solver
A
- type of computer simulation models
- designed by Allen Newell and Herbert Simon
20
Q
Allen Newell and Herbert Simon
A
- designed first computer simulation model = logic theorist ==> general problem solver
21
Q
Deductive reasoning
A
- leads to specific conclusions that must follow info given
22
Q
Inductive reasoning
A
- leads to general rules that are inferred from specifics
23
Q
Logical reasoning errors (3):
A
1) atomosphere effect: conclusions infuenced by way information is phrased
2) semantic effect: believe in conclusions because of what you think is correct rather than what logically follows info given
3) confirmation bias: using info that confirms what you already think
24
Q
Decision making
A
- solving on problem until an acceptable solution is found
- process of finding solution is based on assumption that is rational or irrational
- solution found by reaoning or emotion
25
Intelligence
- capacity to use knowledge to improve achievement in an environment
26
Reaction time
- measure cognitive processing
AKA latency
- declines with age
27
Elizabeth Loftus and Allan Collins
- people have hierachical semantic networks in their memory that group together related items
- more closer the 2 items = faster subject can link them together
e. g. " a canary is a bird" vs. "a toaster is a bird"
28
Allan Collins and Ross Quillan
- people make decisions about relationships between items by searching cognitive semantic hierarchies
- father apart = longer to see connection
AKA parallel distributive processing (or connectionism)
29
Long term semantic memory network (it takes longer to name pictures or words?)
- takes longer to make associations between pictures than between words
- because pictures get turned into words before association is made
30
Semantic priming
- in work recognition task
- decreases reaction time if 2 items are related because it actives the node of the second item in the semantic hierarchy
e. g. "test" --> "GRE" vs. "test" --> "lobster"
31
Stroop effect
- decreased speed of NAMING THE COLOR INK used to print words because the word itsef is a color
32
Bottom-up processing
- recognizing items from data (data driven)
33
Top-down processing
- guided by larger concepts
34
Automatic processing
- effortlessly done because task is subsumed under higher organization process
35
Eye movement and gaze durations
- indicators of information processing while reading
36
Saccades
- eye movement from one fixation point another
37
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
- bodily reactions to situations cause emotion
1) physiological response to situation
2) we feel emotion
38
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
AKA emergency theory
| - emotions and bodily reactions occur simultaneously
39
Stanley Schacheter and Jerome Singer
- proposed cognitive theory of emotion = Schachter-Singer Theory
40
Schacheter-Singer Theory
- similar to James-Lange Theory of Emotion
- emotions are product of physiological reactions
- how to interpret the state is key
* the cognition we attach to situations determines which emotion we feel
41
Cannon bard theory is also called:
Emergency theory
42
Connectionism is also called
Parallel distributive processing
