CNS Infections

Question 1

what are routes of pathogen entry into CNS

Answer 1

haematogeneous
direct implantation (trauma)
local extension (from the ear)
PNS to CNS (rabies)

Question 2

what are the three types of meningitis you can get

Answer 2

acute
chronic
aseptic

Question 3

what is aseptic meningitiss

Answer 3

causeed by virus, so no pus

Question 4

what are top 3 causes of acute men

Answer 4

N meningitis
Strep pneuoniae
H influenza

Question 5

EXPLAIN n meningitis transmission

Answer 5

person-to-person
via asymptomatic carrier
lives in nasopharyngeal mucosa of susceptible indivifuals

Question 6

what are the four processes causing septicaemia

Answer 6

capillarly leak > hypovolaemia
coagulopathy
metabolic derangement
myocardial failue

Question 7

who does TB meningitis occur in

Answer 7

immunosuppressed

Question 8

what are complications of TB meningitis

Answer 8

Tuberculous granuloma
Tuberculous abscess
Cerebritis

With LEPTOMENINGEAL ENHNCEMENT

Question 9

what are top 2 causes of aseptic meningitis

Answer 9

cocksackie B

Echoviruses

Question 10

who does aseptic men usually occur in

Answer 10

children <1

Question 11

Explain bacterial men CSF results

Answer 11

Turbid appearance 
High polymorphs 
Gram stain/antigen test +
High protein 
Low glucose

Question 12

Explain viral men CSF result

Answer 12

Clear appearance 
High lymphocytes 
Gram stain/antigen test +-
High protein 
Normal glucose

Question 13

Explainn TB men CSF results

Answer 13

Clear/turbid 
high lymphocytes 
Negative results on gram stain (scanty acid fast bacilli)
High protein
Low glocose

Question 14

what stain can you use for cryptococcus

Answer 14

India ink

Question 15

what does TB men look like on Ziehl Nelelsen stain

Answer 15

red and blue

Question 16

hwo do you manage meninssitis

Answer 16

ceftriaxone

+ dexamethasone

Question 17

how do you manage meningitis in >50/immunocompromised

Answer 17

ceftriaxone + amoxicillin

Question 18

what are causes of chronic meningitis

Answer 18

TB, cryptococcus

Question 19

What are risk factors for N meningitidis meningitis

Answer 19

Complement deficiency
hyposplenism
hypogammaglobulinaemia

Question 20

What are RF for S pneumoniae

Answer 20

complement deficiency 
hyposplenism 
immune defect (alcoholic) 
infection (pneumonia) 
entry point 
previous head trauma with CSF leak