Confidence Flashcards
Self-efficacy is a self-confidence in a
Specific situation
Self-confidence is the belief that they can:
Win or perform well
Confidence arouses positive emotions which allow the athlete to:
Remain calm Be assertive Concentrate Focus on important aspects Realistic goals Increase effort Devise strategies
4 factors to self-efficacy:
Performance accomplishments
Vicarious experiences
Verbal persuasion
Emotional arousal
Performance accomplishments are:
Past experiences
Successful = greater SE
Failures = ‘snowball effect’
Implications for coaching for PA:
Vital for coaches to make sure the athlete achieves success even if this means changing previously agreed goals that may be seen as too ambitious
Vicarious experiences consist of:
What has been observed in others performing a similar skill at a similar standard
Implications for coaches for VE:
Make sure that demos and perfect examples that are the same or not far from the individual’s ability
Verbal persuasion is :
Verbal encouragement - provide SE if the person giving encouragement is of high status to performer
Can take the form of positive self-talk
Emotional arousal is:
Perceiving physiological arousal as indicating emotion
Strategies to increase self-efficacy:
Ensure PA through manipulation of environment
Effective goal setting
Encourage use of cognitive techniques to gain control of their mind
Routines
Imagery and visualisation
Extrinsic motivation
causes of reduced SE:
1) coach’s goal setting become too outcome-orientated rather than performer orientated
2) feedback from coach = negative
3) external rewards are restricted to the ‘best’ performers
Social facilitation concerns how people other than the performer can:
Influence the performer’s attitude and behaviour
Presence of others can be positive =
Social facilitation
Presence of others can be negative =
Social inhibition
Facilitation leads to:
High arousal to improve performance
Highly skilled extrovert
Inhibition leads to:
High arousal which reduces performance
Novices whose skills are not well-learned
Introverts
Skills that require greater concentration
Social facilitation and inhibition effects increase in proportion to the extent to which we:
Perceive those who are watching us are evaluating us
2 types of audience:
Passive others (audience) Interactive others (competitors)
Co- actors are a passive form of audience involved in the same activity as the performer but not competing directly:
Officials
Other teammates
Helpers
Factors affecting performance:
Audience size Audience proximity Intentions of audience Skill level/task difficulty Personality Task type
Zajonc’s theory states that the presence of others creates arousal, which then affects performance negatively of the skill is:
Poorly learnt
If a skill is well-learnt, zajonc’s model stats that arousal causes a:
Correct response as it is dominant
Evaluation apprehension explains that an audience is:
Perceived as evaluation performance - causes anxiety
