Defining Abnormal Development Flashcards
(18 cards)
How is ‘abnormal’ development typically defined in developmental psychology?
Deviation from expected developmental milestones, often based on timing; includes both deficits and advanced development.
Why is a multidimensional approach important in assessing development?
Because delays in one area (e.g., speech) may not indicate a disorder if other domains (e.g., motor, social) are typical; context matters.
What challenges can gifted children face?
• Peer mismatch and social isolation
• Boredom and school disengagement
• Pressure to perform or fear of failure
What are common symptoms of expressive language impairment?
• Difficulty forming sentences
• Reduced vocabulary and grammar
• Trouble with written expression and conversation
What are common causes of expressive language delays?
Developmental disorders (e.g., ASD, ADHD), head trauma, hereditary factors
What are common symptoms of receptive language impairment?
• Difficulty understanding words or instructions
• Appearing inattentive or unresponsive
• Disinterest in books or storytelling
What are common causes of receptive language impairment?
• Vision/hearing impairments
• Insufficient exposure
• Attention disorders
What are the consequences of untreated language delays?
• Frustration and behavioural issues
• Peer problems and bullying
• Academic decline and low self-esteem
What treatments are available for language impairments?
• Speech therapy
• Classroom and special education support
• Family education and psychological intervention
What is analytic language processing?
A typical pattern where language is learned from part to whole—starting with individual words and building to sentences.
What is gestalt language processing?
A pattern common in neurodivergence where language is learned from whole to part—starting with memorised phrases and later broken into smaller units.
What are the stages of gestalt language processing?
- Delayed echolalia – Repeating heard phrases
- Trimming/mixing scripts – Mixing learned phrases
- Word combinations – Breaking scripts into 1-2 word units
- Original phrasing and grammar – Novel expression
What are the main concerns about screen time in early childhood?
• Delayed milestones
• Reduced caregiver interaction
• Sleep disruption and sedentary behaviour
What are current screen time recommendations?
• Under 2s: Only with adult interaction
• Video chatting is allowed at any age
• Avoid screens during meals and before bed
• Differentiate between entertainment, learning, and communication
Why is it difficult to study the effects of screen time?
• Confounding variables (e.g., neurodivergence, parental stress)
• Screen use may reflect child needs rather than cause delays
• Longitudinal and twin studies are complex and rare
Why have diagnoses of ADHD and autism increased?
• Better awareness and diagnostic tools
• Recognition of gender differences and masking
• Understanding of co-morbidities
• Greater access to diagnosis in affluent populations
What are some misconceptions about neurodivergence?
That it always indicates dysfunction; many neurodivergent individuals are high-functioning, creative, and capable.
How can early diagnosis help neurodivergent children?
By providing tailored support, reducing distress, improving communication, and enhancing educational outcomes.
