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PRAXIS PREP! > definitions and famous dudes > Flashcards

definitions and famous dudes Flashcards

1
Q

What is Caplan’s model of consultation? it’s goal?

A

Mental health consultation model.

Goal: improve handling of current work difficulty, increase capacity to master future problems improve job performance

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2
Q

“responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation.”

A

The Law of Effect

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3
Q

The law of effect is a psychological principle advanced by ______ on the matter of behavioral conditioning.

A

Edward Thorndike

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4
Q

The tendency for the first information received to carry more effect than later information on a person’s overall impression.

A

Primacy effect

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5
Q

A phenomenon in which individuals take less responsibility for work when in the presence of others.

A

social loafing

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6
Q

Zero order correlation means that _____

A

there is no relationship between the two variables

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7
Q

a measure of how well a given variable can be predicted using a linear function of a set of other variables

A

coefficient of multiple correlation

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8
Q

list 5 things about Arnold Gesell

A
  • pediatrician, then psychologist who studied many children, including the Kamala the “wolf girl” (who was probably autistic)
  • helped develop the field of child development
  • created the Gesell Developmental Schedules, which were normed assessments in the areas of motor, language, adaptive, and personal-social development
  • developed the Clinic of Child Development at Yale
  • invented the Gesell dome, a one-way mirror shaped as a dome, under which children could be observed without being disturbed
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9
Q

List 4 common medications used to treat ADHD. How do they work?

A

Ritalin, Adderall, Concerta, and Dexedrine. They work by increasing dopamine in the brain.

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10
Q

How do parents’ roles in schooling differ as children grow older?

A

Parents become more of an audience in middle and high school, whereas in elementary they are partners, collaborators, and problem solvers.

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11
Q 
graphemes = \_\_\_\_\_\_ and 
phonemes = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

graphemes = the letters, and phonemes = the sounds that letters make.

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12
Q

When students are introduced to letter sounds, they should be given multiple opportunities to use the sounds in sentences. Explicit phonics instruction involves teaching graphemes (the letters) and phonemes (sounds that letters make), then blending and building, beginning with blending sounds into syllables then into words.
This describes which approach?

A

code-based phonic approach

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13
Q

What are 3 difficulties with assessing young children?

A
  • Following structured assessment protocols
  • Having children stay focused for long periods of time
  • Evaluating children who are unfamiliar with the school psychologist
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14
Q

Name one easy part of assessing young children?

A

establishing appropriate behavioral objectives, because these are well-known from a developmental perspective

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15
Q

What is the role of parental consent in consultation?

A

School psychologist is not ethically obligated to get parental consent, as long as parents are informed about the consultation after it is complete.

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16
Q

Who developed the Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)? Describe this model.

A

Albert Ellis

MODEL OF EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE:
A (activating event, adversity) leads to
B (beliefs that are irrational) leads to
C (consequences - behavioral and emotional) leads to
D (disputes/arguments against irrational beliefs) leads to
E (effective emotions and beliefs from rational beliefs)

Core irrational beliefs:

  • Demandingness or Absolutism - inflexible, dogmatic, extreme beliefs signaled by words such as should, must, have to, and need to (e.g., “I should not be in pain” or “I should be able to do what I used to do”). This is not the kind of should as in “I should go to the store and get some milk,” but rather a should with a capital “S”, a demand.
  • Demand for Love and Approval from nearly everyone one finds important
  • Demand for Success or Achievement in things one finds important
  • Demand for Comfort or nearly no frustration or discomfort.
  • Awfulization - 100% disasterizing beliefs - e.g. disaster, horrible or awful, and catastrophe.
  • Low Frustration Tolerance - e.g. intolerable, can’t stand it, and too hard.
  • Global-Rating - beliefs in which you condemn entire self or someone else’s basic value - e.g. loser, worthless, useless, idiot, stupid.
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17
Q

The presence of an extra copy of the twenty-first chromosome is most often associated with…

A

Down syndrome

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18
Q

Name 4 physical traits of Down Syndrome.

A
  1. low muscle tone,
  2. a single deep crease across the palm of the hand,
  3. a slightly flattened facial profile and
  4. an upward slant to the eyes.
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19
Q

What is the John Henry effect

A

The tendency for people based in a control group to perceive themselves at a disadvantage to the experimental group and work harder in order to overcome the perceived deficiency. (History of the name: legendary American steel driver in the 1870s who, when he heard his output was being compared with that of a steam drill, worked so hard to outperform the machine he died in the process.)

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20
Q

What is the Halo Effect?

A

when someone’s overall impression of a person, company, brand, or product influences their feelings and thoughts about that entity’s character or properties.

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21
Q

What is Confirmation Bias?

A

the tendency to search for, interpret, or recall information in a way that confirms one’s beliefs or hypotheses.

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22
Q

What is Sampling Bias?

A

a bias in which a sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population are less likely to be included than others.

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23
Q

What’s the difference between direct and indirect behavioral assessments and give some examples of each.

A

Direct assessment - actually observing the problem behavior (B), including antecedes (A), consequences (C).

Indirect assessment - aka informant assessment; relies heavily interviews with teachers and other adults who have direct contact with the student.

24
Q

The first step in planning program evaluation is to..

A

describe a framework that links organizational needs with specific actions taken to obtain outcomes

25
Q

Out of all the different cognitive functions, which has the broadest impact on academic functioning?

A

short-term memory

26
Q

What is helpful in reducing dropout rates?

A

Tier 2 - mentoring programs, Tier 3 - alternative school placement with self-directed learning or individual assistance.

27
Q

What is the managing complex change model?

A

Requires 5 components that can bring about and manage complex change.

  1. vision (without this, confusion)
  2. action plan (without this, false starts)
  3. resources (without this, frustration)
  4. skills (without this, anxiety)
  5. incentives (without this, slow change)
28
Q

“to serve children effectively, school psychologists must, first and foremost, concentrate their attention and professional expertise on a____”

This is known as the _____.

A

adults.

known as the “paradox of school psychology.”

29
Q

What are the 3 types of rehearsal?

A

Overt - actually doing the behavior
Verbal - verbalizing the behavior
Covert - imagining the behavior

30
Q

What are the 5 types of thinking that help with problem-solving in social settings

A

alternative-solutions thinking - the ability to name unconnected, alternative solutions to a stated problem

means-end (aka causal) thinking - the ability to orient oneself to and conceptualize how to move towards a goal

consequential thinking - considering the effect of one’s actions on all concerned, linking actions to what happens

interpersonal sensitivity - heightening awareness of situations so one can identify problems and avoid them

perspective-taking - duh…

31
Q

What are 4 common drug prevention strategies? Which ones work and do not work?

A

(1) information dissemination - DOES NOT WORK. Does increase knowledge and antidrug attitudes but doesn’t decrease drug use behaviors.
(2) affective education - DOES NOT WORK. Increases self-understanding and self-acceptance, improves interpersonal relations, increase students’ abilities to fulfill their basic needs.

(3) social influence - DOES WORK!!
a) psychological inoculation - like vaccine. Bring awareness of social pressures of drug use.
b) drug resistance skills - Students are taught how to recognize, avoid, respond in high-risk (high peer pressure) situations.
c) correcting normative expectations - correcting the misperception that many adults and most adolescents use drugs.
d) using peer leaders - to lead discussions, facilitate skills trainings

(4) competence enhancement - teaches general personal and social skills. For example: Life Skills Training - teaches application of general skills to situations directly related to drugs - e.g. using assertiveness skills when there is peer pressure to smoke/drink.

32
Q

What is considered an average T-score? Standard Score? Scaled Score? Percentile rank?

A

T-score 40-60
(mean of 50, std dev of 10; clinically significant is 70 or above)

Standard Score 85-115
(because mean of 100, std dev of 15)

Scaled Score 7-13
(mean of 10, std dev of 3)

Percentile rank 16-84

33
Q

What is the DAS-II?

A

Highly reliable, valid measure of cognitive ability.
Has nonverbal component (Special Nonverbal Composite; SNC).
Ages 2 to 18.

34
Q

Less-is-more hypothesis

A

Children are better able to learn languages than adults because they have fewer cognitive resources available to them. This is advantageous in learning a complex combinatorial system such as a human language because children, given their cognitive limitations, will naturally proceed by beginning with small parts and will acquire more complex constructions only as they mature. Adults will begin by trying to analyze more complexity from the start and will have difficulty finding the best analyses.

35
Q

What are the types of mental health consultation?

A

Client-centered - goal is to develop a plan for dealing with the client’s difficulties

Consultee-centered - goal is remediating consultee’s work-related difficulty; client improvement is secondary

Program-centered Administrative - goal is to resolve an administrative problem via development of an action plan that can be implemented by the consultant or associates

Consultee-centered Administrative - goal is to help consultee improve problem-solving skills in dealing with current organizational problems

36
Q

What are the levels of service of mental health consultation in schools:

A

Level I: focus on the child
Level II: focus on the teacher
Level III: focus on the system

37
Q

What are the Behavior consultation goals?

A

to change:

  • client’s behavior
  • consultee’s behavior AND/OR
  • organizations
38
Q

What is the 2-prong test?

A

1) Can the disabled child receive an education in the regular classroom with the use of supplemental AIDS and SERVICES?

2) IF NO to (1), determine whether the school district has MAINSTREAMED the child to the MAX EXTENT appropriate, including efforts to include the child in school programs with nondisabled students, such as music, art, lunch, and recess, whenever possible.
(from Oberti v. Clementon, 1993)

39
Q

What is the 3 factors test?

A

1) has the school made reasonable EFFORTS TO MAINSTREAM?
2) educational BENEFITS available to the student in the gen ed classroom?
3) possible NEGATIVE effects of student’s presence on the education of other student s in the classroom?
(from Oberti v. Clementon, 1993)

40
Q

What is Lightner Witmer’s contributions to the field of school psychology?

A

Involved in the development of the fields of clinical psychology and school psychology. Started the first child clinic and developing training for experts who work with children with special needs.

41
Q

What are the 5 steps in Kenneth Dodge’s model of social information processing?

A

1) encoding - noticing what is happening
2) mental representations - interpreting it
3) response accessing
4) evaluation
5) enactment

42
Q

Steps in Karl Slaikeu’s Psychological First Aid

A
  1. Make contact with the victim- give him/her permission to express feelings and thoughts
  2. Explore problem: past/ present & future
  3. ID possible solutions
  4. take definite steps to assist
  5. Provide follow-up assistance
43
Q

Who are John Salvia and James Ysseldyke?

A

Wrote “Assessment: In Special and Inclusive Education.” Key points:

  1. Objective assessments are likely to result in better decisions.
  2. Tests have improved over the past 20 years, and early criticisms are no longer valid.
  3. Innovative approaches to assessment may be unproven, and/or subjective.
  4. It is unwise to replace effective procedures until the replacements have proven effective.
  5. Objective assessment is mandated by law.
  6. Acculturation is a matter of experiential background (not gender or race/ethnicity)
44
Q

Ability to solve problems through reasoning, not previously learned facts.

A

fluid intelligence

45
Q

Ability to solve problems through application of previously learned facts and language; generally found in verbal sections of IQ tests; Gc

A

crystalized intelligence

46
Q

Theorists behind fluid and crystallized intelligence

A

Cattel and Horne

47
Q

What is Authentic Assessments

A

Dynamic assessments that require children to perform a typical classroom task such as reading; often occur in the actual environment where the behavior is seen

48
Q

Who is associated with Existential Counseling

A

Frankl

49
Q

Brain region in which damage is associated with expressive aphasia

A

Broca’s Area

50
Q

Brain region associated with memory

A

Hippocampus

51
Q

Brain region associated with emotions/emotional responses

A

Amygdala

52
Q

Brain region in which damage is associated with receptive aphasia

A

Wernicke’s Area

53
Q

Brain region associated with higher order reasoning

A

Cerebral Cortex

54
Q

Hemisphere responsible for language, speaking, writing, math, and coordinating some complex movements

A

Left Hemisphere

55
Q

Hemisphere associated with recognition of patterns, faces, spatial relations and recognizing emotions

A

Right Hemisphere

56
Q

Part of the lower brain; houses the amygdale, hippocampus, and others responsible for emotions

A

Limbic System

PRAXIS PREP! (25 decks)

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