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PRAXIS PREP! > Practice 3 > Flashcards

Practice 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Mental discipline is the view that learning certain subjects (e.g. classics, mathematics) enhances
mental functioning better than other subjects. Thorndike tested this view and found
a. Great support of mental discipline
b. Students who had greater ability to begin with made best progress regardless of what
they studied
c. Drilling students on specific skills does assist in mastery
d. Students became proficient if they applied skills learned

A

b. Students who had greater ability to begin with made best progress regardless of what
they studied

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2
Q

According to Pavlov, generalization is said to occur when
a. A conditioned response to one stimulus can also be elicited by another dissimilar but nearly similar
b. Conditioned reflexes are strengthened which reinforces repetition
c. Initial random behavior is followed by a cat “catching on” and quickly opening the
door
d. Conditioned responses gradually disappear without reinforcement

A

a. A conditioned response to one stimulus can also be elicited by another dissimilar but nearly similar

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3
Q

Cognitive theorists recognize learning involves associations established through

a. Contiguity and repetition
b. Meaningful effects
c. a only
d. a & b

A

d. a & b

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4
Q

Constructivists believe

a. Much of reality is shared through social negotiation
b. Learning is a mechanistic process
c. Learners construct their own reality, or at least interpret it, based upon their perceptions of experience so an individual’s knowledge is a function of one’s prior experiences, mental structures, and beliefs
d. None of the above

A

c. Learners construct their own reality, or at least interpret it, based upon their perceptions of experience so an individual’s knowledge is a function of one’s prior experiences, mental structures, and beliefs

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5
Q 
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory emphasizes the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as a facilitator ofdevelopment
and learning
a. Social environment
b. Use of cultural tools
c. Process of reinforcement
d. Level of transfer
A

a. Social environment

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6
Q

Empiricism is the doctrine that postulates
a. Internal forces energize and propel one into action
b. All forms of knowledge are justifiable because they are constructed by learners,
especially if they reflect social consensus
c. Experience is the only source of knowledge
d. Knowledge derives from reason without the aid of the senses

A

c. Experience is the only source of knowledge

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7
Q 
The philosophical doctrine which postulates that the mind is composed of associations of ideas and that studying the complexities of the mind requires breaking associations into single ideas is
known as
a. Rationalism
b. Constructivism
c. Structuralism
d. Contextualism
A

a. Rationalism

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8
Q

The process whereby students personally activate and sustain behaviors, cognitions, and affects which are systematically oriented toward the attainment of learning goals is

a. Executive control
b. Self‐monitoring
c. Self‐regulation
d. Self‐instructional training

A

c. Self‐regulation

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9
Q

Personal beliefs concerning one’s capabilities to organize and implement actions necessary to learn or perform behavior at designated levels is known as

a. Self‐worth
b. Self‐determination
c. Self‐actualization
d. None of the above

A

d. None of the above

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10
Q

The amount of learning possible by a student given proper instructional conditions is

a. Zone of proximal development
b. Volition
c. Top‐down processing
d. All of the above

A

a. Zone of proximal development

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11
Q

Successful home‐school collaboration is dependent upon
a. Families and community members working together to understand each others’
perspectives and to develop shared goals
b. Training of teachers and administrators in practices that reach out to all families
c. Quantity and quality of communication between schools and families
d. Developing activities that encourage families to become involved in schools
e. All of the above

A

e. All of the above

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12
Q 
. Which theorist believed that children imitate the behavior of significant people in their lives as a
result of observational learning?
a. Thorndike
b. Bandura
c. Skinner
d. Pavlov
e. Watson
A

b. Bandura

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13
Q

A student was referred to the school psychologist for difficulty with attention and focus in the classroom.The school psychologist considered many factors that could be impacting this student’s ability to maintain focus during class time. Neurologically, the school psychologist understands that most attention difficulties stem from dysfunction in the orbital circuit of the frontal lobe.What is another area of the brain that could be the alternate cause to the student’s attention difficulties?

a. Left hemisphere
b. Right hemisphere parietal lobe dysfunction
c. Left hemisphere temporal lobe dysfunction
d. Left posterior temporal lobe dysfunction
e. Right hemisphere supplementary motor cortex

A

b. Right hemisphere parietal lobe dysfunction

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14
Q

Which brain chemical is largely implicated in depression?

a. Melatonin
b. Serotonine
c. Neuropeptides
d. Endorphins
e. Dopamine

A

b. Serotonine

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15
Q

According to Erikson, a 14‐year old adolescent is negotiating which stage of development?

a. Industry vs. Inferiority
b. Intimacy vs. Isolation
c. Initiation vs. Dependency
d. Identity vs. Role Confusion
e. Initiative vs. Guilt

A

d. Identity vs. Role Confusion

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16
Q 
Timmy does not want to get into trouble at school because he does not want the disapproval of
his authoritarian parents.Which stage of moral development would this child fall under
according to Kohlberg?
a. Assimilation
b. Preconventional
c. Conventional
d. Post conventional
e. Accommodation
A

c. Conventional

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17
Q

According to Freud, the component of personality responsible for dealing with reality is which of the following?

a. Superego
b. Id
c. Reality principle
d. Ego
e. Superlative ego

A

d. Ego

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18
Q

Johnny enjoys playing the piano.He comes home nearly every day after schooland plays for about an hour.This is an example of which of the following?

a. Extrinsic motivation
b. Extrinsic reward
c. Intrinsic motivation
d. Metacognition
e. Premack Principle

A

c. Intrinsic motivation

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19
Q

The Theory of Multiple Intelligences involves the idea that all humans have core abilities in
various areas of intelligence.Which of the following psychologists is best known for this theory?
a. Howard Gardner
b. Abraham Maslow
c. Louis L. Thurstone
d. Erik Erikson
e. Dan Goleman

A

a. Howard Gardner

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20
Q 
Which of the following terms describes the process that the brain goes through when
attempting to reach an equilibrium that optimizes beneficial pathways and minimizes
dysfunctional ones?
a. Myelination
b. Dendritic Branching
c. Neuronal Pruning
d. Agenisis of the Corpus Collosum
e. Resting Potential
A

c. Neuronal Pruning

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21
Q

Procedural knowledge refers to
a. environmental events that become conditioned stimuli and produce conditioned
responses
b. One’s efforts to achieve a goal for which one does not have an automatic solution
c. Knowledge of how to do something: employ algorithms and rules, identify concepts, and solve problems.
d. Cognitive activities engaged in goal setting

A

c. Knowledge of how to do something: employ algorithms and rules, identify concepts, and solve problems.

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22
Q 
An internal plan comprised of expectations of which actions are required to attain one’s goal is
known as
a. Comprehension
b. Concrete operations
c. Conception ability
d. Cognitive map
A

d. Cognitive map

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23
Q

The growth of children’s intellectual development according to Piaget involves

a. Assimilation, accommodation, and motivation
b. Assimilation, equilibration, and structure
c. Assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration
d. None of the above

A

c. Assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration

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24
Q 
. Practicing or rehearsing that improves retention, especially when it is distributed over time is
known as
a. Level of processing effects
b. Schema effects
c. Transfer effects
d. Practice effects
A

c. Transfer effects

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25
Q

A difference between Operant conditioning and Classical conditioning is
a. In operant conditioning, one systematically administers a reward to produce the desired
operant behavior
b. In classical conditioning, the “learning” is dependent upon inevitable responses that are
natural to the organism
c. Operant responses are contrived and conditioned responses become natural
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

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26
Q

What court case in the 1970s held that the state was responsible for providing a free public
education to all children with mental retardation between 6 and 21 years of age?
a. PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
b. Brown v. Board of Education
c. Mills v. District of Columbia
d. Everret v. Santa Barbara

A

d. Everret v. Santa Barbara

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27
Q

The ________________ principle in IDEA requires that public schools provide special education
and related services to meet the individual needs of all students.
a. Zero exclusion
b. Zero affect
c. Zero inclusion
d. Zero tolerance

A

a. Zero exclusion

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28
Q

Becky has been identified as having the condition “mental retardation.” Rather than refer to
Becky as retarded, her school records describe her as a “child with mental retardation.” This is
an example of:
a. Person‐first philosophy
b. Self‐imposed label
c. Environmental bias
d. Cultural bias

A

a. Person‐first philosophy

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29
Q

What is the purpose of promoting cultural pluralism?

a. To teach all students about cultural diversity
b. To allow students to learn only about their own cultural values
c. To require teachers to understand and speak multiple languages
d. To provide a method for categorizing students for classroom placement

A

a. To teach all students about cultural diversity

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30
Q 
Which stage of parental response to the birth of a handicapped child is characterized by denial
and/or grief?
a. Defensive retreat stage
b. Tertiary stage
c. Shock stage
d. Acceptance stage
A

a. Defensive retreat stage

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31
Q

Which theory of intelligence is a recent informational processing theory that emphasizes three
aspects of intelligent behavior not normally tapped by IQ tests?
a. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
b. Carroll’s Three‐Stratum Theory of Intelligence
c. Guilford’s Theory of Intelligence
d. Thurstone’s Theory of Intelligence
e. Thorndike’s Theory of Intelligence

A

a. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

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32
Q

The school psychologist requests that a teacher complete a behavior rating scale as part of a student’s functional behavioral assessment (FBA).Upon receiving the completed behavior rating scale, the school psychologist realizes that the age‐range of the form was inappropriate for the particular student who is being assessed. Which of the following actions should the
school psychologist pursue?
a. Transfer the responses to the appropriate form
b. Score the completed form
c. Request the teacher complete the age appropriate form
d. Blame the teacher
e. Eliminate the behavior rating scale from the FBA

A

c. Request the teacher complete the age appropriate form

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33
Q

A teacher requests that the school psychologist share information discussed in counseling sessions with her student. How should the school psychologist respond to the teacher’s request?
a. Provide them with the requested information using electronic mail
b. Explain how ethical principles of confidentially prohibit the sharing this information
c. Provide them with a written report
d. Invite them to listen in on the next counseling session
e. Schedule a conference with the teacher to discuss the information shared during the
student’s counseling session

A

b. Explain how ethical principles of confidentially prohibit the sharing this information

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34
Q

During a counseling session, the school psychologist becomes concerned that the counselee
may intend to inflict harm upon him/herself.How should the school psychologist respond in
this situation?
a. The school psychologist is unable to act due to client confidentiality
b. Continue to discuss the situation at the next counseling session
c. Address the situation and alert the appropriate personnel to ensure the child’s safety
d. Send a letter to the child’s parents expressing concern for the child’s intention to harm
him/herself
e. Ignore the issue

A

c. Address the situation and alert the appropriate personnel to ensure the child’s safety

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35
Q

Court case decisions have supported the inclusion of handicapped students in general education classrooms. School districts must meet the burden of showing that a student cannot be educated satisfactorily in a general education classroom with supplementary aids and services. Schools must make reasonable attempts to include handicapped children, including cognitively impaired children, in regular education classes. Which court case was influential in supporting the inclusion of handicapped students?

a. Brown vs. Topeka BOE
b. Lau vs. Nichols
c. Tarasoff vs. Regents of California
d. Oberti vs. Clementon
e. Riles vs. Larry P.

A

d. Oberti vs. Clementon

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36
Q

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act both prohibit discrimination of people with disabilities. The prohibitions of both laws apply directly to public school districts and require schools to make reasonable accommodations for students with disabilities. What type of law is this and who handles violations?

a. Program Law, Federal Department of Education
b. Funding Law, Department of State Education
c. Civil Rights Law, Office of Civil Rights
d. Special Education Law, State Department of Special Education
e. LEA Policies and Procedures, Local Board of Education

A

c. Civil Rights Law, Office of Civil Rights

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37
Q

In Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education, the judge ruled that educating minority children in
separate but equal facilities denied them equal educational opportunity. In this court case, the Topeka Board of Education was in violation of which of the following?
a. Desegregation Act of 1961
b. Plessey vs. Ferguson 1896
c. The 14th Amendment: Equal Protection Clause
d. Lau vs. Nichols
e. Oberti vs. Clementon

A

d. Lau vs. Nichols

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38
Q

Mr. and Mrs. Strong attended a meeting with the district child study team to discuss the special education placement of their classified kindergarten daughter, Angela. She presently attends
the district’s self contained behavior disabilities class for half‐day sessions. Angela performs on grade level and is making adequate progress in the half‐day program. However, the parents insist that Angela would benefit from a whole day program in the behavior disabilities class and
that the whole day program would be ideal for her educationally. However, the school district refuses the full day program, stating that Angela’s present placement already offers her a
reasonable opportunity to learn. The school says that they do not have to provide the best or maximum education, only a reasonable opportunity to learn. What court case decision supports the school in this situation?
a. Hendrick Hudson vs. Rowley
b. Nicholas vs. Lau
c. Irving vs. Tatro
d. Goss vs. Lopez
e. Oberti vs. Clementon

A

a. Hendrick Hudson vs. Rowley

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39
Q

Which reason listed below is NOT a justification for a parent or eligible student to request an amendment to his/her records under FERPA?

a. The information is inaccurate
b. The parent disagrees with something contained in the records
c. The information is misleading
d. A violation of privacy has occurred
e. The information contains typographical errors

A

b. The parent disagrees with something contained in the records

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40
Q

Within a three‐tiered model of intervention, activities at the universal (primary prevention) level
could include which of the following?
a. A classroom‐based social‐emotional learning curriculum for students in kindergarten
through third grade
b. Remedial instruction provided for students who performed poorly on standardized
testing
c. Social skills training group for students who have been having problems on the
playground
d. None of the above

A

a. A classroom‐based social‐emotional learning curriculum for students in kindergarten
through third grade

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41
Q

. According to IDEA, learning disabilities include students who have learning problems resulting
from:
a. A low IQ
b. Behavior problems
c. A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes.
d. Low socioeconomic status

A

c. A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes.

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42
Q

Some estimates suggest that 80‐90 percent of students with learning disabilities have deficits in:

a. Cognitive development
b. Motor development
c. Reading
d. Language

A

c. Reading

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43
Q

Literature on ADHD increasingly reflects on impulse control and thinking about the
consequences of one’s own actions.This ability to monitor and regulate is sometimes known as
a. Intercentric awareness
b. Explicit control
c. Extracentric awareness
d. Executive function

A

d. Executive function

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44
Q

The U.S. Department of Education has stipulated that ADHD students are eligible for services under the IDEA category of

a. Other health impairment
b. Orthopedic impairment
c. Mental retardation
d. Emotional/behavioral disorders

A

a. Other health impairment

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45
Q

Which of the following behaviors represents an externalizing disorder?

a. Feeling abandoned
b. Hearing voices
c. Spitting on a sibling
d. Experiencing test anxiety

A

c. Spitting on a sibling

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46
Q

Which of the following behaviors represents an internalizing disorder?

a. Experiencing anxiety
b. Challenging an authority figure
c. Refusing to follow a teacher’s direction
d. Setting fires

A

a. Experiencing anxiety

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47
Q 
A major component of the 2002 American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR) definition
is:
a. Reading achievement
b. Adaptive skills
c. Emotional instability
d. Brain development
A

b. Adaptive skills

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48
Q

. ___________ refers to the system of speech sounds that an individual utters.

a. Phonology
b. Morphology
c. Syntax
d. Semantics

A

a. Phonology

49
Q

. Receptive language disorders results from difficulties in

a. Hearing what others say
b. Using spoken language
c. Formulating language
d. Comprehending what others say

A

d. Comprehending what others say

50
Q

Assessing adaptive fit means

a. Understanding how the environment accommodates individual needs
b. Ensuring that an individual has the prerequisite skills before entering the environment
c. Changing the goals for the individual without changing the environment
d. All of the above

A

a. Understanding how the environment accommodates individual needs

51
Q

Who is considered to be the “Father of Clinical and School Psychology”?

a. G. Stanley Hall
b. Arnold Gesell
c. Lightner Witmer
d. David Wechsler
e. Sigmund Freud

A

c. Lightner Witmer

52
Q

A second grade teacher uses the removal of a desirable activity, such as music, to shape the behavior of his special education students.The teacher does not think other interventions are practical or effective.As the school psychologist, how would you respond?

a. The welfare of the student comes first and the school psychologist has a duty to report
the teacher to the principal.
b. It should be explained to the teacher that the method he is using might be working, but
will most likely produce short term results if no positive reward is used for compliant
behavior
c. The teacher should be commended for finding something that works and suggest that
feedback should be given to the students when possible.
d. Tell the teacher that he is making the student resentful and that he is fostering external
instead of internal behavioral regulation in the student.

A

b. It should be explained to the teacher that the method he is using might be working, but
will most likely produce short term results if no positive reward is used for compliant
behavior

53
Q

A teacher constantly sends his rowdy students to your office.By mid‐year, you are handling several students a week from one particular teacher.You meet with the teacher in private to discuss the situation.You help him implement a behavior management plan.Within a few
weeks, referrals to you have dropped significantly.What type of consultation model did you
use?
a. A direct service model
b. A consultee service model
c. A systems‐based model
d. A client service model

A

b. A consultee service model

54
Q

All of the following are examples of good classroom management except

a. Point and level systems are effective if they are easy to implement
b. Structure and predictable routines are very important to students
c. A recess detention given 2 days after the offense is effective
d. Classroom rules are explicitly stated and posted in room

A

c. A recess detention given 2 days after the offense is effective

55
Q

Jennifer says, “Between my job, what my parents want me to do around the house, and doing things with my friends, there just isn’t enough time to do my homework.”The school
psychologist might recommend which of the following?
a. Systematic desensitization
b. Time management techniques
c. Techniques for coping with test anxiety
d. Cognitive restructuring
e. All of the above

A

b. Time management techniques

56
Q 
Megan was referred to the Child Study Team.She has difficulty with communication in terms of expressive language.Her parents are going through a divorce and her teacher has noticed a
change in her affect.Which of the following services might be considered to address her
problems?
a. Counseling Services
b. Speech Therapy
c. Occupational Therapy
d. A and B
e. All of the above
A

d. A and B

57
Q

Which of the following areas apply to the use of computers in school psychology?

a. Assessment
b. Report Writing
c. Data Management
d. Intervention Strategy
e. All of the above

A

e. All of the above

58
Q

Mrs. Smith is a school counselor.A student was referred to her who has a drug addiction problem.She has little experience in the area of drug addiction.What type of consultation is needed?

a. Client‐Centered Case Consultation
b. Consultee‐Centered Case Consultation
c. Program‐Centered Administrative Consultation
d. Consultee‐Centered Administrative Consultation

A

b. Consultee‐Centered Case Consultation

59
Q

If a student’s misbehavior increases after the teacher takes away his recess time, this is called:

a. Punishment
b. Spontaneous Negative Increase
c. Response Cost
d. Negative Reinforcement

A

d. Negative Reinforcement

60
Q

What is the Premack Principle?
a. Naturalistic Observation should drive behavioral intervention
b. Access to high frequency behavior is contingent upon performance of low frequency
behavior
c. Intermittent schedules of reinforcement maintain behavior patterns that are most
resistant to change
d. Antecedents, behaviors, and consequences of target behaviors need to be reviewed
before behavioral interventions can be created and employed

A

b. Access to high frequency behavior is contingent upon performance of low frequency
behavior

61
Q

What can be said about this statement “Autism is a disorder that tends to manifest
early in a child’s life?”
a. It is false
b. It is true
c. It is neither true nor false
d. It is the prevalent belief among professionals

A

b. It is true

62
Q

Damien has been diagnosed with a condition that shares certain unusual social
interactions and behaviors with autism, but includes no general language delay. What
is Damien’s diagnosis?
a. Cerebral Palsy
b. Pervasive Developmental Disorder‐Not Otherwise Specified
c. Asperger’s Syndrome
d. Down Syndrome

A

c. Asperger’s Syndrome

63
Q

Most current research on the causation of autism is based in the __________ perspective.

a. Psychodynamic
b. Biological
c. Metaphysical
d. Educational

A

b. Biological

64
Q

The trauma caused by the rapid acceleration or deceleration of the brain may cause

a. The tearing of important nerve fibers in the brain
b. The bruising of the brain
c. Brain stem injuries
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

65
Q

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) defines deafness as a hearing impairment which is so severe that

a. A child is unable to process linguistic information through hearing
b. A child cannot process information with or without amplification
c. A child’s educational performance is adversely affected
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

66
Q

The root of Jenny’s visual problem has been traced to the component of the visual system that
connects the eye to the visual center of the brain.Her problem is with the
a. Optic nerve
b. Iris
c. Pupil
d. Retina

A

a. Optic nerve

67
Q

Legal blindness as defined by the Social Security Administration is a visual acuity of_________ or
worse in the better eye with best correction.
a. 20/50
b. 20/200
c. 20/100
d. 20/150

A

b. 20/200

68
Q

IDEA uses the term________________ to describe children with physical disabilities.

a. Physically impaired
b. Crippled
c. Orthopedically impaired
d. Physically disabled

A

c. Orthopedically impaired

69
Q 
A unique sound, odor, or physical sensation experienced just prior to the onset of aseizure is
called a(n):
a. Hallucination
b. Contraction
c. Synasthesia
d. Aura
A

d. Aura

70
Q

According to Sternberg’s conceptualization, analytic intelligence is

a. Evidenced by performing well on aptitude and intelligence tests
b. Evidenced by performing well on everyday problems
c. Evidenced by performing well on achievement tests
d. Evidenced by performing well on creativity tests

A

a. Evidenced by performing well on aptitude and intelligence tests

71
Q 
The BASC 2 – Student Observation Scale is an example of what type of behavioral data
collection?
a. Partial Interval Recording
b. Latency Recording
c. Momentary Time Sampling
d. Whole Interval Recording
A

c. Momentary Time Sampling

72
Q

A frustrated kindergarten teacher comes to you for help.She tells you her classroom is completely out of control.You observe the teacher’s classroom and notice that she constantly gives negative feedback to all of the children (e.g., “Don’t touch that!” “Stop tapping your
pencil!” “Stop making those sounds!”“You are not paying attention!” “Why can’t you listen!?”) Which behavioral principle is the teacher employing?
a. Inadvertently reinforcing the negative classroom behaviors
b. Negatively reinforcing the negative classroom behaviors
c. Punishing the negative classroom behaviors
d. Appropriately addressing the negative classroom behaviors

A

a. Inadvertently reinforcing the negative classroom behaviors

73
Q

Children who are nonnative English speakers may exhibit difficulty during a formal cognitive assessment if they are having trouble understanding directions or understanding items presented in English. Which is the BEST accommodation that could be made to obtain the most
accurate representation of the student’s cognitive abilities?

a. Allow the student to use an English to native language dictionary during testing
b. Request that the student’s parent or sibling be present to translate the assessment
c. Use an interpreter who is familiar with the student’s native language to translate the
assessment
d. Request a school psychologist who is fluent in the child’s native language administer the assessment
e. Only perform informal measures of assessment, such as observation, teacher interview,
student interview, and review of records to avoid making the child feel uncomfortable
with the language barrier

A

d. Request a school psychologist who is fluent in the child’s native language administer the assessment

74
Q

Which of the following components is NOT included when conducting an ecological assessment?

a. Observation of classroom teaching strategies
b. Interviewing the student’s attitudes toward school
c. Interviewing parents about parenting styles/strategies
d. Assessing the student’s performance on class work
e. Assessing student’s socioeconomic status

A

d. Assessing the student’s performance on class work

75
Q 
Which of the following is an example of a social skill training method used to enhance
acquisition deficits for preschoolers?
a. Behavioral Rehearsal
b. Stimulus Control Training
c. Peer Imitation Strategies
d. Cognitive‐Behavior Therapy
e. Reinforcement Strategies
A

a. Behavioral Rehearsal

76
Q

A School Psychologist must employ the use of effective communication skills during an interview
with a student.The following are all techniques used by an effective interviewer except:
a. Active Listening & Empathetic Responses
b. Paying attention to verbal cues and non‐verbal cues
c. Using humor to dismiss feelings of inadequacy
d. Self Disclosing in order to strengthen a point
e. Use of open‐ended and close‐ended questions to explore presenting problem

A

c. Using humor to dismiss feelings of inadequacy

77
Q

While the aim for journals is to accept only high quality research, there are still some research articles of lower quality that do get accepted. Which of the following statements does NOT
represent good quality research?
I.The sample is large and representative of the population, and the sample was randomly
assigned.
II. The researcher has made a conclusion based on results that the study did not test.
III. The study tests the given hypothesis pertaining to the specific purpose of the study, but also
tests other related hypotheses.
IV. The researcher conducts a correlational study and concludes that the manipulation of the
independent variable is the cause of the change in the dependent variable.
a. I and III
b. II only
c. II, III, and IV
d. II and IV
e. I only

A

d. II and IV

78
Q

Which of the following is included in the definition for diagnosing mental retardation by IDEA?

a. Functional Behavior Problems
b. Curriculum‐Based Problems
c. Adaptive Behavior Deficits
d. Personality Problems
e. Ecological Problems

A

c. Adaptive Behavior Deficits

79
Q

. Interview formats can vary from highly structured to semi‐structured and unstructured
approaches.Which of the following is NOT a component of a structured interview approach?
a. Parallel forms for parents, children, and sometimes teachers
b. Strict adherence to standard procedures for asking questions
c. Tailored questions to specific concerns raised by the interviewee
d. Time consuming process of data collection
e. Rigid pattern of questioning that may seem unnatural and tedious for both the
interviewer and interviewee

A

c. Tailored questions to specific concerns raised by the interviewee

80
Q

Collin D. Elliot developed an individually administered test battery intended to measure
cognitive and achievement levels for classification and diagnostic purposes.The instrument is intended to provide the examiner with a wider range of measurement that allows a profile of the child’s strengths and weaknesses.Which assessment instrument did Elliot develop?
a. Diagnostic Achievement Battery – 3rd Edition
b. Informal Assessment of Multiple Intelligence
c. Cognitive Assessment System (CAS)
d. Wide Range Achievement Test, Third Edition (WRAT‐3)
e. Differential Abilities Scale‐II (DAS‐II)

A

e. Differential Abilities Scale‐II (DAS‐II)

81
Q

The teratogenic pathway for environmental hazards or substances from father to mother is via:

a. Physical touching, which facilitates substance transfer
b. Conversations between the wife and her husband
c. Chromosomal damage to the man’s sperm cells
d. Shared diet consumed at meals

A

c. Chromosomal damage to the man’s sperm cells

82
Q

Teratogens are most likely to produce major structural abnormalities in the

a. First two weeks after conception
b. Second to eighth week after conception
c. 12‐20 week following conception
d. Last trimester of pregnancy

A

b. Second to eighth week after conception

83
Q

Consuming small amounts of alcohol (e.g. once per day) during pregnancy

a. Causes profound physical birth defects
b. Causes psychosis and severe mental retardation in the mother and baby
c. May produce delayed developmental effects that appear months or years later duringchildhood.
d. Is harmless to development because the dosage is small.

A

c. May produce delayed developmental effects that appear months or years later duringchildhood.

84
Q

Developmentalists disagree on the extent to which children contribute directly to their own

development. This is known as the______________issue.
a. active/passive
b. continuity/discontinuity
c. nature/nurture
d. ego/superego

A

a. active/passive

85
Q

A recent legal trend favors trying child criminals in adult court rather than in the traditional
juvenile court system.This trend implies society’s greater acceptance that the child plays
a(n)___________ role in his/her own development.
a. Accommodated
b. Passive
c. Observational
d. Active

A

d. Active

86
Q

For a particular skill, the developmental curve shows that the skill remains stable for many
months, then it shows a sudden abrupt improvement. This pattern is repeated throughout
childhood and implies that
a. Unconscious ideas seek to be expressed
b. The child interacts multiple levels of society
c. The skill advances discontinuously through stages
d. Nature has dominated over nuture

A

c. The skill advances discontinuously through stages

87
Q

Western cultures have a bias towards _________in personality development

a. Continuity
b. Discontinuity
c. Ethology
d. Instinct

A

a. Continuity

88
Q

According to psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, the infant’s personality is filled with

a. Virtuous plans to be good
b. Pleasant memories of living in the womb before birth
c. Intentions to earn rewards and to avoid punishments
d. Biological instincts for sex and aggression

A

d. Biological instincts for sex and aggression

89
Q

Reciprocal determinism states a boy becomes a bully because

a. Other kids become afraid of the bully, making it easier for him to bully them
b. The boy is physically bigger than others
c. Other children ignored him making him made
d. An aggressive genotype evokes aggressive actions

A

a. Other kids become afraid of the bully, making it easier for him to bully them

90
Q

The particular combination of genes that one inherits is one’s

a. Autosome
b. Genetic imprint
c. Phenotype
d. Genotype

A

d. Genotype

91
Q

Mrs. English, a 6th grade teacher, is having a difficult time understanding why over 60% of her class is not demonstrating understanding of the class material as indicated by failing grades on the tests.The school psychologist suggests analyzing the Academic Learning Time (ALT) in order
to increase the students’ engagement in class.Which of the following examples is NOT
considered best practice when looking to analyze Academic Learning Time (ALT)?
a. Mrs. English conducts a self‐analysis to determine things, such as managing transitions,
relating class material to student interests, etc.
b. The School Psychologist observes the classroom to better understand the classroom environmental factors.
c. The School Psychologist conducts a Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) to determine the relationship between the students’ performance and the environmental factors of
the instructional setting.
d. Mrs. English’s assistant observes and records the number of students and amount of time students are actively participating within the classroom.
e. The teacher discusses the homework regimen and after‐school routine with parents at
parent‐teacher conferences.

A

e. The teacher discusses the homework regimen and after‐school routine with parents at
parent‐teacher conferences.

92
Q

What are three violence prevention methods a school psychologist can implement in his/her
school district?
a. Implementing programs that teach students better social skills, improving
environmental factors, increasingamount of socializing
b. Implementing programs that teach students better social skills, intervening with at‐risk
students, involving students, staff and parents
c. Intervening with at‐risk students, providing in‐services for teachers, improving
environmental factors
d. Intervening with at‐risk students, improving environmental factors, providing parent
training classes
e. Installing metal detectors, and conducting criminal history checks on students

A

b. Implementing programs that teach students better social skills, intervening with at‐risk
students, involving students, staff and parents

93
Q

A school psychologist is modifying her school’s crisis response plan and has set up two teams to
help implement the plan. A teacher who has volunteered to act as a team member would most
likely be placed into what team?
a. District Team
b. Crisis Team
c. Building Team
d. School Team

A

c. Building Team

94
Q

At the school where you work, a teacher who has recently gotten fired storms into the building with a loaded gun and begins screaming and yelling.He fires off several shots and wounds two
teachers.The police are quickly able to get in the building and arrest the man.The crisis plan
goes into effect immediately. As the principal handles things with the administration and works directly with the police and medical assistance, your primary job as the school psychologist should be to do which of the following?
a. Handle the communication with the parents and reassure them that their children are
safe
b. Stay with the teachers who have been wounded
c. Call the administration and inform them of any updates
d. Stay beside the principal and help her speak to the police

A

a. Handle the communication with the parents and reassure them that their children are
safe

95
Q

School psychologists are trained in all of the following areas pertaining to crisis response in
school except which of the following?
a. Implementing prevention and intervention programs that reduce aggressive behaviors
among youths
b. Participating in and facilitating evidence‐based procedures to respond to targeted
threats ofviolence
c. Helping communities prepare for responses to crises spawned by violence
d. Acting as the leader and making all of the primary decisions in a crisis situation
e. Helping the school prepare for responses to crises

A

d. Acting as the leader and making all of the primary decisions in a crisis situation

96
Q

Cindy is struggling with math.Her teacher, Mrs. Apple, is implementing an intervention utilizing
practice and reinforcement making memorization of facts and rules a fundamental way of
learning.Which approach to learning is being used by Mrs. Apple?
a. Behavioral Approach
b. Humanistic Approach
c. Cognitive Education Approach
d. Cognitive Behavioral Therapeutic Approach
e. Existential Approach

A

a. Behavioral Approach

97
Q

Which instrument is more of a theory based measure of basic psychological processing than a
statistically derived approach to measuring cognitive abilities?
a. CAS
b. WISC‐IV
c. Stanford Binet‐5th Edition
d. WJ‐III
e. WIAT‐III

A

a. CAS

98
Q

Simon is a school psychologist who is mentoring school psychology students about how to reduce the likelihood of stress overload by fostering an atmosphere of cooperation in the school.Which of the following would Simon NOT name as a protective component of effective
training programs?
a. Curriculum that promotes intrapersonal and interpersonal development
b. Provision of remedial interventions for students having difficulties
c. Program philosophy emphasizing personal growth
d. Faculty modeling self‐care, well functioning, and stress management
e. Program designed to experiment with outside recreations and vocations

A

e. Program designed to experiment with outside recreations and vocations

99
Q 
Which of the following classifications of medications is NOT a common treatment for ADHD
symptoms?
a. Stimulants
b. Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists
c. Antidepressants
d. SSRI’s(Mood stabilizers)
e. Antipsychotics
A

b. Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists

100
Q

The district school psychologist is participating in a meeting to discuss Johnny’s maladaptive
behavior. These behaviors include teacher observed lethargy, poor work completion, and student complaints of depressed thoughts. Johnny’s mother inquires about services and treatment options for Johnny. Which of the following would NOT be a best practice for recommending treatment?
a. Asking the mother about background and family history
b. Asking Johnny about his thoughts and concerns
c. Offering school‐based group counseling services that are Cognitive Behavioral based
d. Recommending treatment options which may include seeing the family doctor and
receiving medication
e. Offering consultation services to Johnny’s teacher in regards to increasing his
productivity and social interaction in the classroom

A

d. Recommending treatment options which may include seeing the family doctor and
receiving medication

101
Q

The fertilized ovum is identified as a(n)

a. Zygote
b. Dominate allele
c. Bundle of joy
d. Empathic concern

A

a. Zygote

102
Q

During early infancy, the palmar grasp reflex is replaced by

a. Crawling
b. Voluntary reaching
c. Stiffness in the hands
d. Efforts to stand up

A

b. Voluntary reaching

103
Q 
Gender equality in physical abilities continues until \_\_\_\_\_\_\_when boys increase large muscle
skills.
a. About age 6
b. About age 9
c. Puberty
d. About age 20
A

c. Puberty

104
Q

Research on the relationship between sport participation and teenage girls self esteem has

a. Been inconclusive
b. Shown a negative relationship; non athletes have stronger self‐esteem
c. Shown no relationship of team sports to self esteem
d. Shown a positive relationship, with athletes having better self esteem than non‐athletes

A

d. Shown a positive relationship, with athletes having better self esteem than non‐athletes

105
Q

Suppose that a girl is very active athletically in junior high school gym classes or sports.
Vigorous athleticism will likely __________her menarche.
a. Delay or retard the occurrence of
b. Hasten the occurrence of
c. Have no effect on
d. Masculinize

A

a. Delay or retard the occurrence of

106
Q

For American teenagers, most sexual information is learned from

a. Peers
b. Sex education courses
c. Parent
d. Religious teachers

A

a. Peers

107
Q

Which of these is not among Piaget’s four cognitive developmental stages?

a. Formal operation stage
b. Pre‐operational stage
c. Proximal zone stage
d. Sensory motor stage

A

c. Proximal zone stage

108
Q

The __________stage is the 2nd of Piaget’s four stages, encompassing the preschool years.

a. Formal operational
b. Sensory motor
c. Preoperational
d. Concrete operational

A

c. Preoperational

109
Q

When a young child discovers that simply changing the shape of an object does not
necessarily change the amount of the object (e.g. a flattened ball of clay contains the same
amount of clay as when it was rolled into a ball), the child is showing an understanding of
a. Object permanence
b. Accommodation
c. Assimilation
d. Conservation

A

d. Conservation

110
Q

In Vygotsky’s theory, “scaffolding” means that the parent or teacher

a. Stays out of the child’s way so that discovery happens
b. Assists the child with difficult parts of the task
c. Provides social support by having other kids near by
d. Demonstrates everything via observation and avoids making mistakes

A

b. Assists the child with difficult parts of the task

111
Q

It has been brought to the school psychologist’s attention that Sally, a ninth grade general
education student, is suspected of using drugs.In consultation, the school psychologist would like to gather information regarding risk factors. Which of the following statements would
provide data about risk factors for drug use?
a. Sally has been involved in the DARE program since the 5th grade.
b. Recently, Sally has started sleeping in class and will occasionally leave school early with
her older boyfriend.
c. Sally had been receiving community based services for an anxiety disorder, but has
discontinued treatment.
d. Her father has a history of alcohol abuse, but has been in recovery for 9 years.
e. Both C and D

A

e. Both C and D

112
Q

A student, Brittney, is usually a happy‐go‐lucky child, but seems irritable in your counseling session today.She is having trouble concentrating on your conversation and seems restless.You notice her hands are trembling and she constantly fidgets with them. After your session, you talk to her teacher about her unusual behaviors. Her teacher informed you that she has a
college entrance exam today that she has been dreading. Brittney is showing symptoms of
a. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
b. Panic Disorder
c. Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder
d. Social Phobia Disorder
e. PTSD

A

b. Panic Disorder

113
Q

Most children with ADHD‐Combined Type experience all of the following except:

a. Academic underachievement
b. Positive peer relationships
c. Difficulties conforming to rules and expectations
d. Poor attention span
e. Impulsivity/Hyperactivity

A

b. Positive peer relationships

114
Q

Ms. Jones, a 3rd grade teacher, has expressed concerns to the school psychologist about Lilly,
a student with a disability who is receiving special educational services.According to Ms.
Jones, Lilly participates in class and successfully completes her class work and homework.
However, Lilly consistently performs poorly on quizzes and tests. Ms .Jones believes Lilly
understands the material during instruction but does not show her understanding in testing
situations.According to best practices, the school psychologist should recommend

a. Conducting a curriculum‐based assessment to determine why Lilly is performing poorly
on quizzes and tests.
b. Filling out a request for the building‐level problem‐solving team to consider Lilly for
additional services.
c. Ms. Jones use alternative assignments and tasks in addition to tests and quizzes to
better assess Lilly’s understanding of the material.
d. Lilly be seen by the guidance counselor to discuss her test‐taking anxiety.
e. Ms. Jones provide Lilly with as many opportunities for retests as
possible.

A

c. Ms. Jones use alternative assignments and tasks in addition to tests and quizzes to better assess Lilly’s understanding of the material.

115
Q 
A school psychologist conducts a direct observation of a student with behavioral difficulties within the classroom and collects data using narrative recording techniques.To obtain
narrative recordings, an observer writes a description of events that occurred within a given time frame.Which of the following is NOT a technique or method used for a narrative
record?
a. Daily log
b. ABC analysis
c. Descriptive time sampling
d. Continuous recording
e. Behavior intervention plan
A

e. Behavior intervention plan

116
Q

The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence – III (WPPSI‐III) is an individually
administered test of cognitive ability with two core batteries based on the child’s age.The
battery intended for the younger population is used for children ranging in age from
a. 3 years, 0 months to 5 years, 0 months
b. 2 years, 6 months to 3 years, 11 months
c. 4 years, 0 months to 7 years, 6 months
d. 2 years, 0 months to 4 years, 6 months
e. 2 years, 6 months to 7 years, 3 months

A

b. 2 years, 6 months to 3 years, 11 months

117
Q

A teacher is implementing a new behavioral intervention for a particular student within her
class at the school psychologist’s request.The intervention is started on the first day of the month and is designed to run for 30 days.The school psychologist periodically stops into the classroom to observe the teacher’s implementation of the intervention.After 15 days, the
teacher sits down with the school psychologist to discuss the organization of the program,
procedures and her technique in order to improve her delivery of the program to the student.
This is an example of:
a. Consumer‐oriented evaluation
b. Formative evaluation
c. Participant‐oriented evaluation
d. Survey evaluation
e. Summative evaluation

A

b. Formative evaluation

118
Q

Tyler, a 4th grader in Ms. Goodwin’s class, is struggling in all academic areas.Tyler is a
general education student in an inclusion setting and is receiving services in the general education classroom along with students with disabilities. According to Ms. Goodwin, Tyler is currently receiving small group instruction from the special education teacher in the
classroom, 15 minutes of phonics instruction each week from a parent volunteer, individualized instruction from Ms. Goodwin, and modified tests and quizzes from the special education teacher.Ms. Goodwin has assessed Tyler as being below grade level in reading and math.Which answer best describes what the school psychologist should do next?
a. Tell Ms. Goodwin to fill out a referral form for an IEP team evaluation
b. Suggest Ms. Goodwin conduct a curriculum‐based assessment to determine Tyler’s present academic levels and help her design classroom interventions.
c. Set up a meeting with Ms. Goodwin and Tyler’s mother to discuss the concerns and ask
Tyler’s mother to help him at home.
d. Tell Ms. Goodwin to allow Tyler to stay after school a few days each week for extra help.
e. Recommend Ms. Goodwin reduce the amount of work and level of difficulty to increase
Tyler’s success level and improve his self‐confidence

A

b. Suggest Ms. Goodwin conduct a curriculum‐based assessment to determine Tyler’s present academic levels and help her design classroom interventions.

119
Q

After collecting data from several informants for a functional behavior assessment, the school psychologist determines that the information is insufficient for hypothesis generation.Which best describes what the School Psychologist should do next?

a. Conduct a student file review
b. Identify other informants to interview
c. Use another form of data collecting with the same informants
d. Conduct a direct observation
e. Interview the student

A

d. Conduct a direct observation

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