practice questions 2

Question 1

Children who are nonnative English speakers may exhibit difficulty during a formal cognitive assessment if they are having trouble understanding directions or understanding items presented
in English. Which is the BEST accommodation that could be made to obtain the most accurate representation of the student’s cognitive abilities?

a. allow the student to use an English to native language dictionary during testing
b. request that the student’s parent or sibling be present to translate the assessment.
c. use an interpreter who is familiar with the student’s native language to translate the assessment
d. Request a school psychologist who is fluent in the child’s native language administer the
assessment
e. only perform informal measures of assessment, such as observation, teacher interview, student interview, and review of records to avoid making the child feel uncomfortable with the language barrier.

Answer 1

Request a school psychologist who is fluent in the child’s native language administer the
assessment

Question 2

Which of the following components is NOT included when conducting an ecological assessment?

a. Observation of classroom teaching strategies
b. Interviewing the student’s attitudes toward school
c. Interviewing parents about parenting styles/strategies
d. Assessing the student’s performance on class work
e. Assessing student’s socioeconomic status

Answer 2

d. Assessing the student’s performance on class work

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a social skill training method used to enhance acquisition
deficits for preschoolers?
a. Behavioral rehearsal
b. Stimulus control training
c. Peer initiation strategies
d. Cognitive‐behavior therapy
e. Reinforcement strategies

Answer 3

Behavioral rehearsal

Question 4

A School Psychologist must employ the use of effective communication skills during an interview
with a student.The following are all techniques used by an effective interviewer except:
a. Active listening responses
b. Paying attention to verbal cues and non‐verbal cues
c. Using humor to dismiss feelings of inadequacy
d. Self disclosing in order to strengthen a point
e. Use of open‐ended and close‐ended questions to explore the presenting problem

Answer 4

c. Using humor to dismiss feelings of inadequacy

Question 5

While the aim for journals is to accept only high quality research, there are still some research articles of lower quality that do get accepted.Which of the following statements does NOT represent good quality research?
I. That the sample is large and representative of the population, and the sample was randomly
assigned.
II. That the researcher has made a conclusion based on results that the study did not test.
III. That the study tests the given hypothesis pertaining to the specific purpose of the study, but also tests other related hypotheses.
IV. That the researcher conducts a correlation study and concludes that the manipulation of the independent variable is the cause of the change in the dependent variable.

a. I and III
b. II only
c. II, III, and IV
d. II and IV
e. I only

Answer 5

d. II and IV

Question 6

Which of the following is included in the definition for diagnosing mental retardation by IDEA in
addition to cognitive impairments?
a. Functional Behavior Problems
b. Curriculum‐Based Problems
c. Adaptive Behavior Deficits
d. Personality Problems
e. Ecological Problems

Answer 6

c. Adaptive Behavior Deficits

Question 7

Interview formats can vary from highly structured to semi‐structured and unstructured
approaches.Which of the following is NOT a component of a structured interview approach?
a. Parallel forms for parents, children and sometimes teachers
b. Strict adherence to standard procedures for asking questions
c. Tailored questions to specific concerns raised by the interviewee
d. Time consuming process of data collection
e. Rigid pattern on questioning that may seem unnatural and tedious for both the interviewer
and interviewee

Answer 7

c. Tailored questions to specific concerns raised by the interviewee

Question 8

Collin D. Elliot developed an individually administered test battery intended to measure cognitive
and achievement levels for classification and diagnostic purposes.The instrument is intended to
provide the examiner with a wider range of measurement that allows a profile of the child’s
strengths and weaknesses.Which assessment instrument did Elliot develop?
a. Diagnostic Achievement Battery – 2nd Edition
b. Informal Assessment of Multiple Intelligence
c. Cognitive Assessment System (CAS)
d. Wide Range Achievement Test, Third Edition (WRAT‐3)
e. Differential Abilities Scale‐II (DAS‐II)

Answer 8

e. Differential Abilities Scale‐II (DAS‐II)

Question 9

Mrs. English, a 6th grade teacher, is having a difficult time understanding why over 60% of her class
is not demonstrating understanding of the class material as indicated by failing grades on the tests.
The school psychologist suggests analyzing the Academic Learning Time (ALT) in order to increase
the students’ engagement in class.Which of the following examples is NOT considered best
practice when looking to analyze Academic Learning Time (ALT)?
a. Mrs. English conducts a self‐analysis to determine things, such as managing transitions,
relating class material to student interests, etc.
b. The school psychologist observes the classroom to better understand the classroom
environmental factors
c. The school psychologist conducts a Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) to determine the
relationship between the students’ performance and the environmental factors of the
instructional setting
d. Mrs. English’s assistant observes and records the number of students and amount of time
students are actively participating within the classroom
e. The teacher discusses the homework regimen and after‐school routine with parents at
parent‐teacher conferences

Answer 9

e. The teacher discusses the homework regimen and after‐school routine with parents at
parent‐teacher conferences

Question 10

. What are three violence prevention methods a school psychologist can implement in his/her school
district?
a. Implementing programs that teach students better social skills, improving environmental
factors, increasingamount of socializing
b. Implementing programs that teach students better social skills, intervening with at‐risk
students, involving students, staff and parents
c. Intervening with at‐risk students, providing in‐services for teachers, improving
environmental factors
d. Intervening with at‐risk students, improving environmental factors, providing parent
training classes
e. Installing metal detectors and conducting criminal history checks on students

Answer 10

b. Implementing programs that teach students better social skills, intervening with at‐risk
students, involving students, staff and parents

Question 11

Internal validity is best defined as:

a. The extent to which rival hypotheses can explain the findings of an experiment
b. The extent to which an experiment rules out alternative explanation of the findings
c. The extent to which the findings are thought to be true of the current experiment
d. The extent to which the findings can be applied to similar groups of people

Answer 11

b. The extent to which an experiment rules out alternative explanation of the findings

Question 12

What is typically done to reduce the possibility of selection biases?

a. Choose the sample from a population that is believed to be very similar
b. Control for the similarity of experimental participants
c. Use random assignment to place participants into different experimental conditions
d. Add a control group to the experiment

Answer 12

c. Use random assignment to place participants into different experimental conditions

Question 13

External validity is mostly concerned with:

a. The accuracy of experimental hypotheses
b. The importance of applying the findings of experiments to different samples
c. The generalizability of the findings beyond the setting and sample of the experiment
d. The validity and appropriateness of using lab research in natural settings

Answer 13

c. The generalizability of the findings beyond the setting and sample of the experiment

Question 14

What is treatment integrity or fidelity?

a. The level or intensity of treatment
b. The extent of which the treatment was conducted as intended
c. The extent to which the treatment is ethical
d. The extent to which the treatment is well specified

Answer 14

b. The extent of which the treatment was conducted as intended

Question 15

Which of the following is required in justifying the use of deception?

a. The actual purpose is difficult to understand
b. The nature of the research is controversial
c. Less deceptive techniques will not produce the desired effect
d. The deception will be easier for the participant to accept

Answer 15

c. Less deceptive techniques will not produce the desired effect

Question 16

Which of the following is not a necessary component of informed consent?

a. Competence
b. Structure
c. Knowledge
d. Volition

Answer 16

b. Structure

Question 17

Methodology can be thought of as:

a. A thought process
b. Unimportant if a study reports important findings
c. Problem solving
d. Both a and c

Answer 17

d. Both a and c

Question 18

In inferential statistics the object is usually to generalize from a ______ to a ______.

a. data; variable
b. sample; population
c. population; sample
d. constant; variability

Answer 18

b. sample; population

Question 19

. Y can be most accurately predicted from X if the correlation between X and Y is ________.

a. 0.80
b. 0.00
c. 0.45
d. ‐0.98

Answer 19

d. ‐0.98

Question 20

Which of the following is not a correlation coefficient?

a. Pearson r
b. eta
c. rho
d. chi square

Answer 20

c. rho

Question 21

At the school where you work, a teacher who has recently gotten fired storms into the building witha loaded gun and begins screaming and yelling.He fires off several shots and wounds two teachers.The police are quickly able to get in the building and arrest the man.The crisis plan goes
into effect immediately. As the principal handles things with the administration and works directly with the police and medical assistance, your primary job as the school psychologist should be to do
which of the following?

a. Handle the communication with the parents and reassure them that their children are safe
b. Stay with the teachers who have been wounded
c. Call the administration and inform them of any updates
d. Stay beside the principal and help her speak to the police

Answer 21

a. Handle the communication with the parents and reassure them that their children are safe

Question 22

School psychologists are trained in all of the following areas pertaining to crisis response in school
except which of the following?
a. Implement prevention and intervention programs that reduce aggressive behaviors among
youths
b. Participate in and facilitate evidence‐based procedures to respond to targeted threats of
violence
c. Help communities prepare for responses to crises spawned by violence
d. Act as the leader and make all of the primary decisions in a crisis situation
e. Help schools prepare for responses to crises

Answer 22

d. Act as the leader and make all of the primary decisions in a crisis situation

Question 23

Cindy is struggling with math.Her teacher, Mrs. Apple, is implementing an intervention utilizing
practice and reinforcement making memorization of facts and rules a fundamental way of learning.
Which approach to learning is being used by Mrs. Apple?
a. Behavioral Approach
b. Humanistic Approach
c. Cognitive Education Approach
d. Cognitive Behavioral Therapeutic Approach
e. Existential Approach

Answer 23

a. Behavioral Approach

Question 24

Which instrument is more of a theory based measure of basic psychological processing than a statistically derived approach to measuring cognitive abilities?

a. CAS
b. WISC‐IV
c. Stanford Binet – 5th Ed.
d. WJ‐III
e. WIAT‐III

Answer 24

a. CAS

Question 25

Simon is a school psychologist who is mentoring school psychology students about how to reduce the likelihood of stress overload by fostering an atmosphere of cooperation in the school.Which of the following would Simon NOT name as a protective component of effective training programs?

a. Curriculum that promotes intrapersonal and interpersonal development
b. Provision of remedial interventions for students having difficulties
c. Program philosophy emphasizing personal growth
d. Faculty modeling self‐care, well functioning, and stress management
e. Program designed to experiment with outside recreations and vocations

Answer 25

e. Program designed to experiment with outside recreations and vocations

Question 26

Which of the following classifications of medications is NOT a common treatment for ADHD
symptoms?
a. Stimulants
b. Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists
c. Antidepressants
d. SSRI’s(Mood stabilizers)
e. Antipsychotics

Answer 26

b. Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists

Question 27

The district school psychologist is participating in a meeting to discuss Johnny’s maladaptive
behavior. These behaviors include teacher observed lethargy, poor work completion, and student complaints of depressed thoughts. Johnny’s mother inquires about services and treatment options for Johnny. Which of the following would NOT be a best practice for recommending treatment?
a. Asking the mother about background and family history
b. Asking Johnny about his thoughts and concerns
c. Offering school based group counseling services that are cognitive behavioral based
d. Recommending treatment options which may include seeing the family doctor and receiving medication
e. Offering consultation services to Johnny’s teacher in regards to increasing his productivity
and social interaction in the classroom

Answer 27

d. Recommending treatment options which may include seeing the family doctor and receiving medication

Question 28

It has been brought to the school psychologist’s attention that Sally, a ninth grade general
education student, is suspected of using drugs.In consultation, the school psychologist would like
to gather information regarding risk factors. Which of the following statements would provide data
about risk factors for drug use?
a. Sally has been involved in the DARE program since the 5th grade
b. Recently, Sally has started sleeping in class and will occasionally leave school early with her
older boyfriend
c. Sally had been receiving community based services for an anxiety disorder, but has
discontinued treatment
d. Her father has a history of alcohol abuse, but has been in recovery for 9 years
e. Both C and D

Answer 28

e. Both C and D

Question 29

A student, Brittney, is usually a happy‐go‐lucky child, but seems irritable in your counseling session
today.She is having trouble concentrating on your conversation and seems restless.You notice
her hands are trembling and she constantly fidgets with them. After your session, you talk to her teacher about her unusual behaviors. Her teacher informed you that she has a college entrance
exam today that she has been dreading. Brittney is showing symptoms of:
a. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
b. Panic Disorder
c. Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder
d. Social Phobia Disorder
e. PTSD

Answer 29

b. Panic Disorder

Question 30

If the distribution is symmetrical, which is the best measure of central tendency?

a. Mode
b. Median
c. Mean
d. Variance

Answer 30

c. Mean

Question 31

When the relation between X and Y is imperfect, the prediction of Y given X is_______

a. Perfect
b. Always equal to Y
c. Impossible to determine
d. Approximate

Answer 31

d. Approximate

Question 32

Damien has been diagnosed with a condition that shares certain unusual social
interactions and behaviors with autism, but includes no general language delay. What
is Damien’s diagnosis?
a. Cerebral Palsy
b. Pervasive Developmental Disorder‐Not Otherwise Specified
c. Asperger’s Syndrome
d. Down Syndrome

Answer 32

c. Asperger’s Syndrome

Question 33

An alpha level of 0.05 indicates that _________

a. If HO is true, the probability of falsely rejecting it is limited to 0.05
b. 95% of the time, chance is operating
c. The probability of a Type II error is 0.05
d. The probability of a correct decision is 0.05

Answer 33

a. If HO is true, the probability of falsely rejecting it is limited to 0.05

Question 34

If you reject the null hypothesis, you may be making___________

a. a Type II error
b. a Type I error
c. a correct decision
d. b and c

Answer 34

d. b and c

Question 35

The advantage of a powerful experiment is that _________

a. The probability of a Type I Error is reduced
b. You are more likely to detect the real effects of the independent variable, if there are any
c. As power increase, alpha increases
d. As power increases, N increases

Answer 35

b. You are more likely to detect the real effects of the independent variable, if there are any

Question 36

As the df increases, the t distribution___________

a. Gets more symmetrical
b. Approaches the normal distribution
c. Stays the same
d. Becomes more skewed

Answer 36

b. Approaches the normal distribution

Question 37

Data analysis involving statistical inference basically involves _________________

a. Determining the standard deviation of the scores
b. Calculating the appropriate statistic
c. Evaluating the statistic based on the sampling distribution
d. b and c

Answer 37

d. b and c

Question 38

One employs a correlated groups design___________

a. To eliminate random error
b. To simplify calculations
c. For prediction
d. To reduce the effects of individual differences among subjects

Answer 38

d. To reduce the effects of individual differences among subjects

Question 39

If a test is a robust test;

a. It is sensitive to its underlying mathematical assumptions
b. It doesn’t estimate any population parameters
c. It is insensitive to its underlying mathematical assumptions
d. b and c

Answer 39

c. It is insensitive to its underlying mathematical assumptions

Question 40

Most children with ADHD‐Combined Type experience all of the following except:

a. Academic underachievement
b. Positive peer relationships
c. Difficulties conforming to rules and expectations
d. Poor attention span
e. Impulsivity/Hyperactivity

Answer 40

b. Positive peer relationships

Question 41

Ms. Jones, a 3rd grade teacher, has expressed concerns to the school psychologist about Lilly, a
student with a disability who is receiving special educational services.According to Ms. Jones, Lilly participates in class and successfully completes her class work and homework.
However, Lilly consistently performs poorly on quizzes and tests. Ms. Jones believes Lilly understands the material
during instruction, but does not show her understanding in testing situations.According to best practices, the school psychologist should recommend:
a. Conducting a curriculum‐based assessment to determine why Lilly is performing poorly on
quizzes and tests
b. Filling out a request for the building‐level problem‐solving team to consider Lilly for
additional services
c. Ms. Jones using alternative assignments and tasks in addition to tests and quizzes to better assesses Lilly’s understanding of the material
d. Lilly be seen by the guidance counselor to discuss her test‐taking anxiety
e. Ms. Jones provides Lilly with as many opportunities for retests as possible

Answer 41

c. Ms. Jones using alternative assignments and tasks in addition to tests and quizzes to better assesses Lilly’s understanding of the material

Question 42

A school psychologist conducts a direct observation of a student with behavioral difficulties within the classroom and collects data using narrative recording techniques. To obtain narrative recordings, an observer writes a description of events that occurred within a given time frame. Which of the following is NOT a technique or method used for a narrative record?

a. Daily log
b. ABC analysis
c. Descriptive time sampling
d. Continuous recording
e. Behavior intervention plan

Answer 42

e. Behavior intervention plan

Question 43

The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence – III (WPPSI‐III) is an individually
administered test of cognitive ability with two core batteries based on the child’s age.The battery
intended for the younger population is used for children ranging in age of
a. 3 years, 0 months to 5 years, 0 months
b. 2 years, 6 months to 3 years, 11 months
c. 4 years, 0 months to 7 years, 6 months
d. 2 years, 0 months to 4 years, 6 months
e. 2 years, 6 months to 7 years 3 months

Answer 43

b. 2 years, 6 months to 3 years, 11 months

Question 44

A teacher is implementing a new behavioral intervention for a particular student within her class at the school psychologist’s request.The intervention is started on the first day of the month and is designed to run for 30 days.The school psychologist periodically stops into the classroom to
observe the teacher’s implementation of the intervention.After 15 days, the teacher sits down with the school psychologist to discuss the organization of the program, procedures and her technique in order to improve her delivery of the program to the student.This is an example of:
a. Consumer‐oriented evaluation
b. Formative evaluation
c. Participant‐oriented evaluation
d. Survey evaluation
e. Summative evaluation

Answer 44

b. Formative evaluation

Question 45

Preschool‐aged children often exhibit deficits in one or multiple areas that may be a precursor to a
possible learning disability. Which of the following deficits is NOT a possible precursor for a learning
disorder in preschool‐aged children?
a. Difficulty with balance and walking
b. Inability to follow or remember one‐step directions
c. Delayed physical growth
d. Difficulty focusing attention or sitting still
e. Inability to use words such as ‘yes’ or ‘no’ when appropriate

Answer 45

c. Delayed physical growth

Question 46

Tyler, a 4th grader in Ms. Goodwin’s class, is struggling in all academic areas.Tyler is a general
education student in an inclusion setting and is receiving services in the general education
classroom along with students with disabilities.According to Ms. Goodwin, Tyler is currently
receiving small group instruction from the special education teacher in the classroom, 15 minutes of phonics instruction each week from a parent volunteer, individualized instruction from Ms. Goodwin, and modified tests and quizzes from the special education teacher.Ms. Goodwin has
assessed Tyler as being below grade level in reading and math.Which answer best describes what the school psychologist should do next?

a. Tell Ms. Goodwin to fill out a referral form for an IEP team evaluation
b. Suggest Ms. Goodwin conduct a curriculum‐based assessment to determine Tyler’s present
academic levels and help her design classroom interventions
c. Set up a meeting with Ms. Goodwin and Tyler’s mother to discuss the concerns and ask
Tyler’s mother to help him at home
d. Tell Ms. Goodwin to allow Tyler to stay after school a few days each week for extra help
e. Recommend Ms. Goodwin reduces the amount of work and level of difficulty to increase
Tyler’s success level and improve his self‐confidence

Answer 46

b. Suggest Ms. Goodwin conduct a curriculum‐based assessment to determine Tyler’s present
academic levels and help her design classroom interventions

Question 47

After collecting data from several informants for a functional behavior assessment, the school psychologist determines that the information is insufficient for hypothesis generation. Which best describes what the School Psychologist should do next?

a. Conduct a student file review
b. Identify other informants to interview
c. Use another form of data collecting with the same informants
d. Conduct a direct observation
e. Interview the student

Answer 47

d. Conduct a direct observation

Question 48

Which of the following statements about the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) is most accurate?
a. It is an effective screening measure of verbal and nonverbal abilities
b. It is linked to the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children –4th Edition (WISC‐IV) and the
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – 3rd Edition (WAIS‐III)
c. It does not have satisfactory reliability and validity
d. It is able to be used with a broad range of individuals from age 2 years, 6 months to 89
years, 0 months
e. It is an acceptable substitute or replacement for a comprehensive measure of intellectual
abilities

Answer 48

a. It is an effective screening measure of verbal and nonverbal abilities

Question 49

A student with a documented visual impairment is recommended for reevaluation. The school psychologist completes the assessment of the student but later finds out that the student is required to wear prescription glasses. What should the school psychologist do?
a. Throw out the assessment and re‐test using the same assessment tool, making sure the student wears his glasses the second time
b. Keep the original assessment and make a note in the report that the student was not
wearing his glasses during testing
c. Keep only the parts of the assessment where the student did not have to read or view
anything in order to answer the item
d. Reassess the student using a new assessment tool, making sure the student wears his glasses during testing
e. Throw out the original assessment and complete your evaluation without using a new formal evaluation tool

Answer 49

d. Reassess the student using a new assessment tool, making sure the student wears his
glasses during testing

Question 50

The BASC 2 – Student Observation Scale is an example of what type of behavioral data collection?

a. Partial Interval Recording
b. Latency Recording
c. Momentary Time Sampling
d. Whole Interval Recording

Answer 50

c. Momentary Time Sampling

Question 51

When analyzing data from experiments that involve more than two groups___________
a. Doing t tests on all possible pairs of means decreases the probability of making Type I errors
b. Doing t tests on all possible pairs of means increases as the probability of making Type I errors
c. It is generally permissible to do t tests between all possible pairs of means and use
Student’s t distribution
d. Doing t tests on all possible pairs of means increases the probability of making Type II errors

Answer 51

b. Doing t tests on all possible pairs of means increases as the probability of making Type I errors

Question 52

A frustrated kindergarten teacher comes to you for help.She tells you her classroom is completely
out of control. You observe the teacher’s classroom and notice that she constantly gives negative feedback to all of the children (e.g., “Don’t touch that!” “Stop tapping your pencil!” “Stop making those
sounds!”“You are not paying attention!” “Why can’t you listen!?”)Which behavioral principle is the teacher employing?

a. Inadvertently reinforcing the negative classroom behaviors
b. Negatively reinforcing the negative classroom behaviors
c. Punishing the negative classroom behaviors
d. Appropriately addressing the negative classroom behaviors

Answer 52

a. Inadvertently reinforcing the negative classroom behaviors

Question 53

Which of the following are examples of nonparametric tests?

e. chi square
f. Mann‐Whitney U
g. The sign test
h. All of the above

Answer 53

h. All of the above

Question 54

Which of the following laws sets the federal standard for special education programs and services?

a. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLD)
b. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
c. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
d. Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)

Answer 54

c. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Question 55

The document entitled School Psychology: A Blueprint for Training and Practice II, published by the National Association of School Psychologists in 1997, does which of the following:

a. Specifies testing instruments that should be included in psychological assessments
b. Provides comprehensive guidelines for training and practice in school psychology
c. Describes opportunities for clinical psychologists to provide services in school settings
d. Identifies disability categories for special education

Answer 55

b. Provides comprehensive guidelines for training and practice in school psychology

Question 56

Which of the following accurately represents current trends in the demographics of the school
psychology profession?
a. There has been a significant increase in the number of school psychologists from
minority backgrounds
b. The field has become predominantly female
c. There has been a shift from older to younger school psychologists
d. The field has become predominantly male

Answer 56

b. The field has become predominantly female

Question 57

Which of the following best describes the minimum level of training required for certification as a
school psychologist in most states?
a. BA degree, with some graduate level courses
b. Masters degree
c. Specialist level training (Masters + at least 30 additional graduate credits)
d. Doctor of Psychology degree (PsyD)

Answer 57

c. Specialist level training (Masters + at least 30 additional graduate credits)

Question 58

Best practice in the area of data‐based decision making and accountability would require attention
to which of the following factors in conducting an assessment of a student referred for a psycho
educational assessment?
a. Classroom environment
b. Social‐emotional functioning
c. Cognitive and academic abilities
d. All of the above

Answer 58

a. Classroom environment

Question 59

A fifth‐grade student with limited English proficiency has recently moved into your school district.
His classroom teacher has observed that he has significant problems with academic performance
and with peer interactions and would like him to be evaluated by the school psychologist.Which of
the following would be a primary consideration with regard to assessing this student?
a. Age and grade of the student
b. Cultural fairness of assessment procedures
c. Technical adequacy of the test instruments
d. Student’s ability to participate in state‐mandated testing

Answer 59

b. Cultural fairness of assessment procedures

Question 60

The systematic collection of data is crucial in developing appropriate interventions that help students in the classroom.Decisions made without gathering this information may result in
implementing inappropriate interventions.The process begins with problem identification and the
steps include all of the following EXCEPT which method?
a. Observation techniques
b. Teacher interviews
c. Review of previous interventions
d. Curriculum‐based measurements
e. Peer‐based interviews

Answer 60

e. Peer‐based interviews

Question 61

Ms. Gardiner, a 3rd grade teacher, had a difficult time encouraging one of her students, Mary, to
complete written assignments.Mary was able to generate good ideas, but had trouble transferring
her ideas onto paper.Therefore, Ms. Gardiner decreased the demands of the task by allowing
Mary to provide her answers orally and write a one‐sentence summary.As Mary’s written
expression improved, Ms. Gardiner gradually reduced her support until Mary gained independence
during written assignments.This instructional strategy is best known as:
a. Engagement time
b. Flexible grouping
c. Independence training
d. Scaffolding
e. Differentiated instruction

Answer 61

e. Differentiated instruction

Question 62

Which of the following statements is NOT true of progress monitoring?

a. It is used to determine the effectiveness of an intervention
b. It is a standardized tool used to monitor student progress over time
c. The tool used for collecting the baseline data must be used throughout
d. It should be used frequently to monitor outcomes of the interventions
e. It provides a measure for ensuring professional accountability

Answer 62

b. It is a standardized tool used to monitor student progress over time

Question 63

Mrs. Barnard has been asked to develop an academic intervention for a fourth grader, Johnny, as a
result of a recent building‐based problem‐solving team meeting.She has been told by a member of
the team that Johnny is displaying oppositional behaviors when asked to complete any reading
assignments.Mrs. Barnard decides to administer the DIBELS to Johnny. According to Bergan and
Kratochill’s four‐step problem solving process, Mrs. Barnard is pursuing which of the following
steps?
a. Problem Identification
b. Problem Evaluation
c. Problem Solving
d. Problem Implementation
e. Problem Analysis

Answer 63

a. Problem Identification

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT true of “specially designed instruction” as defined by IDEA?
a. It requires that classroom accommodations be used for students
b. It is defined as adapting the content, methodology, or delivery of instruction
c. It is meant to address the unique needs of the child that result from his or her disability
d. It is meant to ensure access to the general curriculum in order for each child to meet the
educational standards
e. It is a required part of the IEP document

Answer 64

a. It requires that classroom accommodations be used for students

Question 65

Academic Learning Time (ALT) is defined as the portion of instructional time that the teacher
allocates for, which of the following?
a. Each content area throughout the student’s instructional day
b. Content areas during which students are actively and productively engaged in learning
c. Specially designed, direct instruction within the classroom
d. Teaching students based upon their varying background knowledge, readiness, language,
and preferences in learning
e. Lesson plans and structured instructional activities

Answer 65

b. Content areas during which students are actively and productively engaged in learning

Question 66

High stakes testing is intended to yield four main outcomes.Which of the following is NOT an
intended outcome of high stakes testing?
a. More efficient tracking methods
b. Better aligned curricula
c. Increased motivation
d. More equitable educational opportunities
e. Increased overall efficiency

Answer 66

a. More efficient tracking methods

Question 67

A 2nd grade student, Matthew, is referred to the problem‐solving team at the beginning of the third marking period due to difficulties in reading.As a result, an intervention is implemented to address these concerns.A progress monitoring tool is utilized to assess the effectiveness of the

intervention. The teacher, collaborating with the school psychologist, also conducts periodic functional assessments to monitor his progress.At the end of the school year the teacher discusses the techniques used, analyzes the data collected, and determines the overall effectiveness of the intervention.This is an example of
a. Formative evaluation
b. Consumer‐oriented evaluation
c. Treatment integrity evaluation
d. Summative evaluation
e. Participant‐oriented evaluation

Answer 67

d. Summative evaluation

Question 68

The philosophy that states that students should be promoted to higher grades based on age rather
than academic accomplishment is known as what?
a. Accountability
b. Social production
c. Tracking
d. Social attainment
e. Social promotion

Answer 68

e. Social promotion

Question 69

Mr. Hunter, a school psychologist, has been using the school district’s study skills curriculum to
help students improve their time management.Initially, Mr. Hunter asked each student what keep
teach of how much time he/she is spending on each assignment.After teaching various time management techniques over a period of six weeks, Mr. Hunter asked students to keep a record of
the techniques that did or did not work well for them; these findings were discussed with the
group.Now, Mr. Hunter is working on having the students recognize when and where to apply the strategies that best work for them.Which of the following best describes the instructional strategy
that is being used by Mrs. Hunter?
a. Externalizing strategy
b. Internalizing strategy
c. Metacognition
d. Knowledge of strategies
e. Cooperative Learning

Answer 69

c. Metacognition

Question 70

Which of the following is identified as a domain for training and practice in School Psychology: A
Blueprint for Training and Practice II?
a. Interpersonal communication, collaboration, and consultation
b. Student diversity in development and learning
c. Data‐based decision making and accountability
d. All of the above

Answer 70

d. All of the above

Question 71

Which of the following is the first step in a consultative problem solving process?

a. Implementing interventions
b. Identifying alternative solutions
c. Defining and clarifying the problem
d. Evaluating results

Answer 71

c. Defining and clarifying the problem

Question 72

Which of the following is an expected outcome of school‐based consultation?

a. Remediation of a student’s problem
b. Improvement in a teacher’s ability to handle future problems
c. Enhancement of collaborative relationships among school personnel
d. All of the above

Answer 72

d. All of the above

Question 73

Which of the following is an instructional strategy that divides students into heterogeneous
learning groups, with each group member being responsible for learning one section of a lesson
and teaching it to other group members?
a. Skim, Rap, & Map
b. The Jigsaw Classroom
c. Mnemonics
d. Graphic Organizers

Answer 73

b. The Jigsaw Classroom

Question 74

Which of the following is an appropriate research role for school psychologists?

a. Distributor of research
b. Conductor of research
c. Consumer of research
d. All of the above

Answer 74

d. All of the above

Question 75

Within a three‐tiered model of intervention, activities at the universal (primary prevention) level could include which of the following?
a. A classroom‐based social‐emotional learning curriculum for students in kindergarten
through third grade
b. Remedial instruction provided for students who performed poorly on standardized
testing
c. Social skills training group for students who have been having problems on the
playground
d. None of the above

Answer 75

a. A classroom‐based social‐emotional learning curriculum for students in kindergarten
through third grade

Question 76

Which of the following describes evidence‐based practice?
a. Intervention strategies are selected based on prior research
b. Professional activities are infused with practices proven to be effective in improving
outcomes
c. Decisions are based upon data, including results of individual measures of outcome
d. All of the above

Answer 76

d. All of the above

Question 77

Within a three‐tiered model of intervention, activities at the selective (secondary prevention) level
could include which of the following?
a. Special education services
b. A classroom‐based program on conflict resolution for all students
c. Referral to an outside agency for family therapy
d. Anger management group for students who have shown disruptive classroom behavior

Answer 77

d. Anger management group for students who have shown disruptive classroom behavior

Question 78

Which of the following accurately describes the “exclusionary clause” related to the definition of
specific learning disability in IDEA?
a. The evaluation team must determine that sufficient pre‐referral interventions have not
been attempted
b. The evaluation team must determine that a severe discrepancy between ability and achievement is not the result of cultural differences, economic disadvantage, or social or emotional factors
c. The evaluation team must determine that the student has not passed state‐mandated
proficiency tests administered each year to all students
d. The evaluation team must determine that the student is not a threat to himself or others

Answer 78

b. The evaluation team must determine that a severe discrepancy between ability and achievement is not the result of cultural differences, economic disadvantage, or social or emotional factors

Question 79

Which of the following is an accurate statement about national demographics of students enrolled
in special education programs?
a. Asian students are overrepresented in the emotionally disturbed category.
b. White male students are underrepresented in the specific learning disability category.
c. African‐American students are overrepresented in the mentally retarded category.
d. All of the above

Answer 79

c. African‐American students are overrepresented in the mentally retarded category.

Question 80

Ms. Tyrell has recently been made aware of a student, Mark, who becomes oppositional during
class when asked to complete written tasks.Ms. Tyrell conducts a functional assessment in order
to determine whether the opposition is a result of a skill or performance deficit. According to
Bergan and Kratochwill, Problem Analysis involves five crucial steps.This is an example of which of
these five steps?
a. Identify relevant known information
b. Identify relevant unknown information
c. Generate the hypothesis or predication
d. Validate the hypothesis or predication
e. Link assessment information to intervention design

Answer 80

c. Generate the hypothesis or predication

Question 81

For students who have social communication deficits, an alternative communication system in
which pictures are used by an individual to express what he or she wants or needs is called?
a. Discrete Trial Instruction (DTI)
b. Social Stories
c. Verbal Behavior System
d. Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)
e. Token economy

Answer 81

d. Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)

Question 82

Which of the following is a situation where the school psychologist is NOT required to breach
confidentiality from counseling sessions with a student?
a. The student says he wants to hurt his teacher
b. The school psychologist is obligated to testify in court regarding the information
c. A student writes a letter saying she wants to hurt herself and has developed a plan
d. A parent requests weekly reports on what is being discussed during counseling sessions
e. The student requests for the school psychologist to help disclose confidential information
to his or her parent

Answer 82

d. A parent requests weekly reports on what is being discussed during counseling sessions

Question 83

Applied Behavior Analysis is:
a. A systematic way of teaching involving a series of repeated trials to teach cognitive, social,
and behavioral skills
b. A framework for thinking about the development of language and its application
c. A framework in which the science and principles of behavior are applied to develop procedures to improve socially significant behavior
d. The way in which behavior analysts determine the function of a behavior and determine
how it is reinforced and maintained
e. A program in which skills are broken down into smaller steps that are easy to teach

Answer 83

c. A framework in which the science and principles of behavior are applied to develop procedures to improve socially significant behavior

Question 84

The school psychologist wants to evaluate the climate of the school.Which of the following is an example of direct assessment?

a. Reviewing teachers’ questionnaires regarding their opinion on the school’s overallclimate
b. Graphing the discipline referrals so the data can be reviewed quantitatively
c. Walking around the school in order to document the cleanliness of the school
d. Observing classrooms to see how the school climate impacts teacher instruction
e. Examining job satisfaction based on teacher turnover rate

Answer 84

a. Reviewing teachers’ questionnaires regarding their opinion on the school’s overallclimate

Question 85

Johnny, a second grader, has learned how to initiate play through watching and modeling other
children in his classroom.Johnny is learning social skills through what method?
a. Universal
b. Selected
c. Formal
d. Informal
e. Performance

Answer 85

d. Informal

Question 86

The following are components of Positive Behavior Support except:

a. Grouping students into enrichment clusters to increase academic interest
b. Meeting with staff to review specific behavior referrals
c. Developing a unified system to rank behaviors by means of severity
d. Incorporating academic and behavior instruction into classroom lessons
e. Strengthening behavior using tangible and non‐tangible reinforces

Answer 86

a. Grouping students into enrichment clusters to increase academic interest

Question 87

Which of the following is NOT a best practice of implementing negative consequences?

a. Removing of a privilege that a student has previously earned
b. Calling a parent to inform them of the student’s behavior
c. Withholding an extrinsic motivator until the student corrects his/her behavior
d. Referring the student to an administrator
e. Responding immediately

Answer 87

a. Removing of a privilege that a student has previously earned

Question 88

Which one of the following is NOT a basic psychological process important for academic success?

a. Attention
b. Evaluation
c. Planning
d. Simultaneous
e. Successive

Answer 88

b. Evaluation

Question 89

Maurice is a school psychologist who used to be optimistic and very proactive at work.Recently he has become very cynical towards his clients and “blames the victims” for their own difficulties.Maurice is most likely experiencing which form of the developmental model of burnout?

a. Interpersonal Struggle
b. Emotional Exhaustion
c. Chronic Stomach Pains
d. Depersonalization
e. Reduced Ambiguity

Answer 89

d. Depersonalization

Question 90

Which of the following factors is NOT a long‐term outcome associated with student grade
retention?
a. Increased risk of dropping out of school
b. Increased probability of high school graduation
c. Lowered self‐esteem
d. Poor attendance

Answer 90

b. Increased probability of high school graduation

Question 91

School psychologists have knowledge of child development and psychopathology in order to
develop and implement prevention and intervention strategies for students with a wide range of needs and disorders.Which of the following is the school psychologist most likely to be able to help?
a. A gifted child who suffers from bipolar disorder
b. A child who is malnourished with poor hygiene, but has parents who are involved withschool activities
c. A child who is taking prescribed medication for diabetes
d. All of the above

Answer 91

d. All of the above

Question 92

How does the role of a school psychologist differ from that of a school counselor?
a. School psychologists have more advanced training in the areas of individual assessment
and intervention
b. School counselors have greater expertise in working with students with severe emotional
disorders
c. School psychologists are employed exclusively in public school settings.
d. School counselors work only with students at the secondary level.

Answer 92

a. School psychologists have more advanced training in the areas of individual assessment
and intervention

Question 93

Which of the following best describes the ruling in Tarasoff v. Regents of California, 1974 and 1976?
a. Students with disabilities are entitled to procedural due process
b. Confidentiality ends where “the public peril begins”
c. Students are entitled to equal access to educational programs and services, regardless of
race, socioeconomic status, or abilities
d. Schools must use nondiscriminatory assessment procedures

Answer 93

b. Confidentiality ends where “the public peril begins”

Question 94

A co‐worker asks you (the school psychologist) to evaluate her son, who has been having some
academic difficulties in the middle school.You refuse to do the evaluation, based upon which of the following ethical principles?

a. School psychologists advocate for the rights and welfare of children and other clients
b. School psychologists respect the dignity of children and other clients
c. School psychologists avoid dual relationships
d. School psychologists recognize the limits of their competence

Answer 94

c. School psychologists avoid dual relationships

Question 95

Which of the following refers to an item or piece of equipment that is used to increase, maintain,
or improve the functional capabilities of a child with a disability?
a. Assistive technology
b. Instructional material
c. Accommodation
d. Experimental technique

Answer 95

a. Assistive technology

Question 96

There is empirical evidence that families can facilitate school success through all of the following EXCEPT:

a. Showing interest in academic and personal growth
b. Attending and participating in school functions
c. Setting clear and consistent limits
d. Believing that luck, not effort, influences learning

Answer 96

d. Believing that luck, not effort, influences learning

Question 97

Which of the following is an element of an effective multidisciplinary team?

a. Positive interdependence
b. Group processing
c. Individual accountability
d. All of the above

Answer 97

d. All of the above

Question 98

Which of the following refers to an approach to school psychology that focuses on identification of
risk factors associated with learning and behavioral problems and prevention‐oriented systemic
interventions?
a. Public health model
b. Medical model
c. Family systems model
d. Direct services model

Answer 98

a. Public health model

Question 99

Which of the following is the largest professional organization that represents school
psychologists?
a. Division 16 of the American Psychological Association(Div 16, APA)
b. National Association of School Psychologists(NASP)
c. International School Psychology Association(ISPA)
d. American Academy of School Psychology (AASP)

Answer 99

b. National Association of School Psychologists(NASP)

Question 100

Mark is a student showing classical symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder. He constantly defies and talks back to teachers, deliberately does things to annoy other students and is extremely spiteful and vindictive. His behaviors are causing significant impairments in his social and academic functioning. Which intervention is most likely to be effective?

a. Train Mark’s parents to pinpoint problem behaviors as well as model appropriate modes of responding
b. Every time Mark breaks a classroom rule, reprimand him and make him face his desk
towards the wall
c. Get Mark’s family involved. Every time he disrupts the classroom, call home and tell his parents about his inappropriate behavior. Inform them that he may need more rules enforced at home
d. Whenever Mark acts up and talks back, instead of taking him aside and talking to him one on one, send him down the vice principals’ office
e. Mark could be sexual abused and is in need of an immediate screening

Answer 100

a. Train Mark’s parents to pinpoint problem behaviors as well as model appropriate modes of responding

Question 101

Ms. Fernandez, a third grade teacher, is in an initial consultation session with the school psychologist. When asked to describe the problem, Ms. Fernandez reports that the student is “out of it.”What should the school psychologist do next?

a. Decide what method of data collection to use
b. Design an intervention to address the problem
c. Ask more questions to operationalize the problem
d. Decide that the student needs special education
e. Refuse to work with the teacher

Answer 101

c. Ask more questions to operationalize the problem

Question 102

Ms. Norman has been consulting with the school psychologist for the past three weeks regarding one of her students, Cory. Under the behavioral consultation model, the school psychologist has asked Ms. Norman to collect data on the frequency, duration and intensity of Cory’s identified problematic behaviors. Ms. Norman has also contacted Cory’s parents and the school counselor to get more information about his behavior. After collecting the data for the past week, Ms. Norman shares it with the school psychologist at their next consultation session.
After reviewing the data, what is most likely to be the next step at this consultation session?
a. Continue to collect more data to see if Cory’s problematic behaviors diminish on their own
b. Brainstorm possible interventions that Ms. Norman can implement in the classroom to decrease Cory’s problematic behaviors
c. Interpret the collected data and develop a hypothesis regarding what function the
problematic behaviors serve for Cory
d. The school psychologist asks Ms. Norman to describe Cory’s behavior in specific,
observable and measurable terms
e. Consult with a psychiatrist in order to develop appropriate interventions

Answer 102

c. Interpret the collected data and develop a hypothesis regarding what function the
problematic behaviors serve for Cory

Question 103

Ms. Adams, a novice teacher, is having difficulty establishing a classroom‐wide behavioral
management plan for her 3rd grade class. Although she has a basic understanding of behavioral management plans and has a current plan established in the class, she does not feel fully confident in her ability to implement the class wide plan. She has solicited help from the school
psychologist and together they scheduled weekly consultation sessions to discuss this issue.
Which approach is the school psychologist most likely to utilize in this consultative relationship?
a. Client‐centered
b. Consultee‐centered
c. Program‐centered administrative
d. Consultee‐centered administrative
e. None of the above

Answer 103

b. Consultee‐centered

Question 104

Entry and Contracting, as part of the Instructional Consultation model, requires the consultant to do what?

a. Introduce consultation to the consultee and provide the ground rules that govern the
relationship and process
b. Invite the consultee to join the team and provide the consultee with the overall structure of the process
c. Organize a consultation team and have members sign membership contracts
d. Introduce themselves to the consultee and review the consultee’s contractual obligations
e. Develop a contract with the consultee

Answer 104

a. Introduce consultation to the consultee and provide the ground rules that govern the
relationship and process

Question 105

The Director of Special Education of Middletown School District has hired an outside consult to
evaluate the school district’s process to identify students who may potentially have educational
disabilities.This is an example of which consultation model?
a. Mental health
b. Behavioral
c. Organizational
d. Empirical
e. Instructional

Answer 105

c. Organizational

Question 106

Ms. Miller is currently working on developing a new preschool curriculum for the district to adopt because of problems and complaints about the current curriculum.Along with her
district problem‐solving and planning teams, Ms. Miller is currently investigating the strengths and weaknesses of the curriculum in all of its contexts, hypothesizing possible reasons for the problem, and creating interventions.She is currently at which stage of the Planning and Problem‐Solving model?
a. Evaluation Stage
b. Problem Analysis Stage
c. Intervention Stage
d. Problem Identification Stage
e. None of the above

Answer 106

b. Problem Analysis Stage

Question 107

Utilizing a whole‐system perspective for adopting a response to intervention (RTI) approach by
the district, Ms. South attempted to consider all of the pervasive system variables that can
affect morale, motivation, and satisfaction with program implementation.A fellow team
member rejected the model adopted.Which factor sums up this team member’s attitude?
a. Arational factors
b. Cultural factors
c. Needs of clients
d. Environmental factors
e. None of the above

Answer 107

a. Arational factors

Question 108

Guidelines for establishing effective school/ community partnerships include which of the following?

a. Plan partnership programs carefully
b. Build flexibility into the program
c. Be an effective role model
d. Be persistent
e. All of the above

Answer 108

e. All of the above

Question 109

Important steps for establishing family‐school partnerships that facilitate home‐school collaboration involve:

a. Funding, Resources, Availability
b. Standards, Structure, Support
c. Attitudes, Relationships, Actions
d. Academic, Behavioral, and Social Support
e. Funding, Standards, Accountability

Answer 109

c. Attitudes, Relationships, Actions

Question 110

Learning is defined as:

a. A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by an organisms interaction with the environment
b. The acquisition of knowledge as evidenced by improvement in rote memory tasks
c. A & B only
d. An environmental event following exposure to a repeated pairing S‐R pairing

Answer 110

a. A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by an organisms interaction with
the environment

Question 111

The Law of Exercise as proposed by Thorndike has two parts. They include:

a. The law of use and the law of disuse
b. The law of summation and the law of demise
c. The law of effect and the law of intermittent reinforcement
d. None of the above

Answer 111

a. The law of use and the law of disuse

Question 112

The Law of Effect emphasizes that:

a. Reinforcement produces desired effects
b. Punishment results in deleterious effects
c. Responses resulting in a satisfying state of affairs are learned
d. A & C

Answer 112

c. Responses resulting in a satisfying state of affairs are learned

Question 113

The Premack Principle refers to:
a. Intermittent reinforcement is typically more effective than a continuous schedule of
reinforcement
b. A premack refers to a definitive learning curve and subsequent statistical analysis
c. Contiguity
d. Reinforcing a low probability with a high probability behavior

Answer 113

d. Reinforcing a low probability with a high probability behavior

Question 114

Edwin R. Guthrie believed that responses do not need to be rewarded to be learned and:

a. The key to learning is contiguity, or close pairing in time between stimulus and response
b. Behaviorism is outdated and too mechanistic
c. Habits can only be reversed by counter conditioning
d. A. & B

Answer 114

a. The key to learning is contiguity, or close pairing in time between stimulus and response

Question 115

Positive reinforcement leads to:

a. Rewards following successful completion of a learning task
b. An increase in the frequency or strength of a behavior following exposure to a learning situation
c. The development of generalized resistance to punishment
d. None of the above

Answer 115

b. An increase in the frequency or strength of a behavior following exposure to a learning situation

Question 116

Watson believe that learning was a process of conditioning reflexes (response) through the
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of one stimulus for another
a. Association
b. Substitution
c. Generalization
d. None of the above

Answer 116

b. Substitution

Question 117

The following principles can be utilized to control or eliminate undesired behavior:
a. Strengthening of the desired behavior that will compete with and eventually replace
undesired patterns of behavior
b. Weaken the undesired behavior by removing events to maintain behavior
c. a & b
d. Using the technique of satiation which is a procedure thatencourages a person to engage
in a problem behavior over and over again until they tire of it

Answer 117

c. a & b

Question 118

All teachers have a belief or theory about learning that is the very fabric of their teaching
strategy. Teachers who agree that learners need grades, gold stars, and other incentives as
motivation to learn and accomplish school requirements are supported by:
a. Social Cognitive theorists
b. Behavioral theorists
c. Constructivists
d. Functionalists

Answer 118

b. Behavioral theorists

Question 119

Contiguity is accurately reflected by

a. A baseball player wearing a certain pair of socks on the day he hits 3 home runs
b. A student making a good grade on a test after trying several different techniques
c. A & B
d. None of the above

Answer 119

c. A & B

Question 120

Contiguity is accurately reflected by

a. A baseball player wearing a certain pair of socks on the day he hits 3 home runs
b. A student making a good grade on a test after trying several different techniques
c. A & B
d. None of the above

Answer 120

c. A & B

Question 121

A school psychologist is modifying her school’s crisis response plan and has set up two teams to
help implement the plan. A teacher who has volunteered to act as a team member would most likely be placed into what team?
a. District Team
b. Crisis Team
c. Building Team
d. School Team

Answer 121

c. Building team