Practice 5 Flashcards
1
Q
What area of the brain is likely impaired if a child has difficulty with fluid abilities, math
reasoning, and carrying out computational steps or sequences?
a. Frontal
b. Temporal
c. Parietal
d. Occipital
A
a. Frontal
2
Q
According to Gentry, by what grade do most children spell accurately following orthographic
rules and letter reversals become uncommon?
a. Preschool; < 5 years old
b. Kindergarten; 5 years old
c. First grade; 6 years old
d. Second or third grade; 7 or 8 years old
A
d. Second or third grade; 7 or 8 years old
3
Q
If a child spells “plasement” for the word “placement,” what type of error is she displaying?
a. Omission Error
b. Substitution Error
c. Addition Error
d. Sequencing Error
A
b. Substitution Error
4
Q
Which of the following is not required for competent written language skills?
a. Graphomotor skills
b. Refractory skills
c. Evaluation skills
d. Planning skills
A
b. Refractory skills
5
Q
Consistent with the research of Sackheim and Moffit, what psychosocial pattern might be
observed in a child with deficits in concordant/convergent and crystallized abilities, and
language dysfunction?
a. Internalizing symptoms early, followed by socialized delinquency later in adolescence
b. Internalizing symptoms early, followed by undersocialized delinquency later in
adolescence
c. Internalizing symptoms early, followed by typical psychosocial functioning later in
adolescence
d. Externalizing symptoms early, followed by typical psychosocial functioning later in
adolescence
A
a. Internalizing symptoms early, followed by socialized delinquency later in adolescence
6
Q
According to Rourke’s model of Nonverbal Learning Disabilities and White Matter Syndrome,
which of the following would not be a characteristic of a child with this disorder?
a. Neglect of self and the environment
b. Poor recognition of facial affect and social cues
c. Difficulty with implicit or complex language
d. All of the above would be characteristic of nonverbal learning disabilities
A
d. All of the above would be characteristic of nonverbal learning disabilities
7
Q
Which of the following cortical‐subcortical circuits is often implicated in children with
depression, with deficits leading to slow psychomotor speed and difficulty with decision‐
making?
a. Orbital Circuit
b. Motor Circuit
c. Cingulate Circuit
d. Oculomotor Circuit
A
c. Cingulate Circuit
8
Q
Psychological tests
a. pertain only to overt behavior
b. always have right or wrong answers
c. do not attempt to measure traits
d. measure characteristics of human behavior
A
d. measure characteristics of human behavior
9
Q
An individual test
a. involves a single examiner for two or more subjects
b. involves only tests of human ability
c. can only be given to one person at a time
d. involves more than one examiner for a single subject
A
c. can only be given to one person at a time
10
Q
A group test
a. can be given to multiple people by one examiner
b. can only be given to three people at a time
c. involves a group of examiners for a single subject
d. involves only tests of human ability
A
a. can be given to multiple people by one examiner
11
Q
The Rorschach presents ambiguous stimuli to an individual who then provides their own
personal interpretation. This is an example of what kind of test?
a. Structured
b. Projective
c. Intelligence
d. Abilities
A
b. Projective
12
Q
Which set of scores below contains the most variability?
a. 151515151515
b. 343434
c. 142516
d. 252725272527
A
c. 142516
13
Q
. A Z score of 3 is approximately how many standard deviations above the mean?
a. 3
b. 0
c. 99
d. 6
A
a. 3
14
Q
Professor Strong constructed two different short history tests by randomly drawing questions
from the huge pool of all possible questions about the current material. He has created
a. randomly parallel tests
b. a large sample size
c. systematic errors
d. attenuation effects
A
a. randomly parallel tests
15
Q
. Concurrent and predictive validity are both subcategories of
a. criterion validity
b. empirical validity
c. face validity
d. convergent validity
A
a. criterion validity
16
Q
What are the four levels of measurement?
a. Rank, Ordinal, Nominal, Ratio
b. Ratio, Interval, Categorical, Nominal
c. Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio
d. Nominal, Rank, Interval, Ordinal
A
c. Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio
17
Q
Two trained professionals observe the behavior of children in a classroom. They each rate observed behaviors using the same form, and the number of items that were rated the same is calculated. This is an example of which type of reliability?
a. Parallel reliability
b. Test‐retest reliability
c. Interrater reliability
d. Internal consistency
A
c. Interrater reliability
18
Q
Which of the following is required of the test taker when answering matching items?
a. Supplying information
b. Selecting information
c. Comparing pros and cons
d. Applying knowledge
A
b. Selecting information
19
Q
Dr. Baylor is concerned that the items on his test really do not adequately represent the
universe of items from which he chose. Dr. Baylor’s concern is one of ______________.
a. Content validity
b. Predictive validity
c. Concurrent validity
d. Construct validity
A
a. Content validity
20
Q
As the SEM increases, what do we know about reliability?
a. It decreases
b. It increases
c. It remains constant
d. No impact
A
a. It decreases
21
Q
A second grade teacher uses the removal of a desirable activity, such as music, to shape the behavior of his special education students. The teacher does not think other interventions are practical or effective.As the school psychologist, how would you respond?
a. The welfare of the student comes first and the school psychologist has a duty to report the teacher to the principal.
b. It should be explained to the teacher that the method he is using might be working, but
will most likely produce short term results if no positive reward is used for compliant
behavior
c. The teacher should be commended for finding something that works. Suggest that
feedback should be given to the students when possible.
d. Tell the teacher that he is making the student resentful and that he is fostering external
instead of internal behavioral regulation in the student.
A
b. It should be explained to the teacher that the method he is using might be working, but will most likely produce short term results if no positive reward is used for compliant
behavior
22
Q
A teacher constantly sends his rowdy students to your office.By mid‐year, you are handling several students a week from one particular teacher.You meet with the teacher in private to discuss the situation.You help him implement a behavior management plan.Within a few
weeks, referrals to you have dropped significantly.What type of consultation model did you
use?
a. A direct service model
b. A consultee service model
c. A systems‐based model
d. A client service model
A
b. A consultee service model
23
Q
All of the following are examples of good classroom management except
a. Point and level systems are effective if they are easy to implement.
b. Structure and predictable routines are very important to students.
c. A recess detention given 2 days after the offense is effective.
d. Classroom rules are explicitly stated and posted in room.
A
c. A recess detention given 2 days after the offense is effective.
24
Q
Jennifer says, “Between my job, what my parents want me to do around the house, and doing things with my friends, there just isn’t enough time to do my homework.”The school
psychologist might recommend which of the following?
a. Systematic desensitization
b. Time management techniques
c. Techniques for coping with test anxiety
d. Cognitive restructuring
e. All of the above
A
b. Time management techniques
25
```
Megan was referred to the Child Study Team. She has difficulty with communication in terms of expressive language. Her parents are going through a divorce and her teacher has noticed a
change in her affect. Which of the following services might be considered to address her
problems?
a. Counseling Services
b. Speech Therapy
c. Occupational Therapy
d. Both a and b
e. All of the above
```
d. Both a and b
26
Which of the following areas apply to the use of computers in school psychology?
a. Assessment
b. Report Writing
c. Data Management
d. Intervention Strategy
e. All of the above
e. All of the above
27
Mrs. Smith is a school counselor. A student was referred to her who has a drug addiction problem. She has little experience in the area of drug addiction. What type of consultation is needed?
a. Client‐Centered Case Consultation
b. Consultee‐Centered Case Consultation
c. Program‐Centered Administrative Consultation
d. Consultee‐Centered Administrative Consultation
b. Consultee‐Centered Case Consultation
28
. If a student’s misbehavior increases after the teacher takes away his recess time, this is called
a. Punishment
b. Spontaneous Negative Increase
c. Response Cost
d. Negative Reinforcement
d. Negative Reinforcement
29
What is the Premack Principle?
a. Naturalistic Observation should drive behavioral intervention.
b. Access to high frequency behavior is contingent upon performance of low frequency
behavior.
c. Intermittent schedules of reinforcement maintain behavior patterns that are most
resistant to change.
d. Antecedents, behaviors, and consequences of target behaviors need to be reviewed
before behavioral interventions can be created and employed.
b. Access to high frequency behavior is contingent upon performance of low frequency
behavior.
30
The BASC 2 – Student Observation Scale is an example of what type of behavioral data collection
a. Partial Interval Recording
b. Latency Recording
c. Momentary Time Sampling
d. Whole Interval Recording
c. Momentary Time Sampling
31
A frustrated kindergarten teacher comes to you for help. She tells you her classroom is completely out of control. You observe the teacher’s classroom and notice that she constantly gives negative feedback to all of the children (e.g., “Don’t touch that!” “Stop tapping your
pencil!” “Stop making those sounds!” “You are not paying attention!” “Why can’t you listen!?”) Which behavioral principle is the teacher employing?
a. Inadvertently reinforcing the negative classroom behaviors.
b. Negatively reinforcing the negative classroom behaviors.
c. Punishing the negative classroom behaviors.
d. Appropriately addressing the negative classroom behaviors.
a. Inadvertently reinforcing the negative classroom behaviors.
32
Children who are nonnative English speakers may exhibit difficulty during a formal cognitive assessment if they are having trouble understanding directions or understanding items presented in English. Which is the BEST accommodation that could be made to obtain the most
accurate representation of the student’s cognitive abilities?
a. Allow the student to use an English to native language dictionary during testing
b. Request that the student’s parent or sibling be present to translate the assessment
c. Use an interpreter who is familiar with the student’s native language to translate the
assessment
d. Request that a school psychologist who is fluent in the child’s native language
administer the assessment
e. Only perform informal measures of assessment, such as observation, teacher interview,
student interview, and review of records to avoid making the child feel uncomfortable
with the language barrier
d. Request that a school psychologist who is fluent in the child’s native language
administer the assessment
33
Which of the following components is NOT included when conducting an ecological assessment?
a. Observation of classroom teaching strategies
b. Interviewing the student’s attitudes toward school
c. Interviewing parents about parenting styles/strategies
d. Assessing the student’s performance on class work
e. Assessing student’s socioeconomic status
d. Assessing the student’s performance on class work
34
Which of the following is an example of a social skill training method used to enhance
acquisition deficits for preschoolers who do not have interfering problem behaviors?
a. Behavioral Rehearsal
b. Stimulus Control Training
c. Peer Initiation Strategies
d. Cognitive‐Behavior Therapy
e. Reinforcement Strategies
a. Behavioral Rehearsal
35
A school psychologist must employ the use of effective communication skills during an interview with a student. The following are all techniques used by an effective interviewer except:
a. Active Listening & Empathetic Responses
b. Paying attention to verbal cues and non‐verbal cues
c. Using humor to dismiss feelings of inadequacy
d. Self Disclosing in order to strengthen a point
e. Use of open‐ended and close‐ended questions to explore the presenting problem
c. Using humor to dismiss feelings of inadequacy
36
While the aim for journals is to accept only high quality research, there are still some research
articles of lower quality that do get accepted. Which of the following statements does NOT
represent good quality research?
I. That the sample is large and representative of the population, and the sample was randomly
assigned.
II. That the researcher has made a conclusion based on results that the study did not test.
III. That the study tests the given hypothesis pertaining to the specific purpose of the study,
but also tests other related hypotheses.
IV. That the researcher conducts a correlational study and concludes that the manipulation of
the independent variable is the cause of the change in the dependent variable.
a. I and III
b. II only
c. II, III, and IV
d. II and IV
e. I only
d. II and IV
37
Which of the following is included in the definition for diagnosing mental retardation by IDEA?
a. Functional Behavior Problems
b. Curriculum‐Based Problems
c. Adaptive Behavior Deficits
d. Personality Problems
e. Ecological Problems
c. Adaptive Behavior Deficits
38
Interview formats can vary from highly structured to semi‐structured and unstructured
approaches. Which of the following is NOT a component of a structured interview approach?
a. Parallel forms for parents, children, and sometimes teachers
b. Strict adherence to standard procedures for asking questions
c. Tailored questions to specific concerns raised by the interviewee
d. Time consuming process of data collection
e. Rigid pattern on questioning that may seem unnatural and tedious for both the
interviewer and interviewee.
c. Tailored questions to specific concerns raised by the interviewee
39
Collin D. Elliot developed an individually administered test battery intended to measure
cognitive and achievement levels for classification and diagnostic purposes. The instrument is
intended to provide the examiner with a wider range of measurement that allows a profile of
the child’s strengths and weaknesses. Which assessment instrument did Elliot develop?
a. Diagnostic Achievement Battery – 3rd Edition
b. Informal Assessment of Multiple Intelligence
c. Cognitive Assessment System (CAS)
d. Wide Range Achievement Test, Third Edition (WRAT‐3)
e. Differential Abilities Scale II (DAS II)
e. Differential Abilities Scale II (DAS II)
40
Mrs. English, a sixth grade teacher, is having a difficult time understanding why over 60% of her
class is not demonstrating understanding of the class material as indicated by failing grades on
the tests. The school psychologist suggests analyzing the Academic Learning Time (ALT) in order
to increase the students’ engagement in class. Which of the following examples is NOT
considered best practice when looking to analyze Academic Learning Time (ALT)?
a. Mrs. English conducts a self‐analysis to determine things, such as managing transitions,
relating class material to student interests, etc.
b. The school psychologist observes the classroom to better understand the classroom
environmental factors.
c. The school psychologist conducts a Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) to determine
the relationship between the students’ performance and the environmental factors of
the instructional setting.
d. Mrs. English’s assistant observes and records the number of students and amount of time students are actively participating within the classroom.
e. The teacher discusses the homework regimen and after‐school routine with parents at
parent‐teacher conferences.
e. The teacher discusses the homework regimen and after‐school routine with parents at
parent‐teacher conferences.
41
What does a percentile score of 85 tell us about an individual?
a. Scored higher than 15% of others taking the test
b. Scored higher than 85% of others taking the test
c. Has a lesser understanding of the material than most
d. Score tells us nothing about the individual
b. Scored higher than 85% of others taking the test
42
If the reason for the difference between the true and observed score is a characteristic of the
person taking the test, the resulting decrease in reliability will be attributed to ____________.
a. Method error
b. Trait error
c. Instrument error
d. Testing error
b. Trait error
43
Which of the following is not an intelligence test?
a. WAIS‐IV
b. WIAT‐III
c. WPPSI‐III
d. WISC‐IV
b. WIAT‐III
44
Which of the following is not a group factor index on one of the Wechsler Intelligence Tests?
a. Working Memory
b. Fluid Reasoning
c. Perceptual Organization
d. Processing Speed
b. Fluid Reasoning
45
The Thematic Apperception Test requires the subject to
a. make up a story about a picture
b. draw a picture of a family doing something together
c. identify what they see in an ambiguous inkblot
d. finish an incomplete story
a. make up a story about a picture
46
```
Which of the following requires that all students will reach academic proficiency by the 2013‐14
school year?
a. PL 94‐142
b. IDEA
c. NCLB
d. FERPA
```
c. NCLB
47
Madison, a school psychologist, receives a request from the fourth grade teacher to assess Luke, a fourth grader who seems to have a social problem. During group activities, Luke is very
hesitant and usually is the last student to join a group (frequently the teacher has to place Luke in a group). In the schoolyard, Luke does not socialize with any of his classmates and normally
sits by himself in the corner. Madison talks to the teacher. Together, they decide to change the classroom setting and place the desks in groups of five. They place Luke with students who are very kind and helpful. Two of the students are very outgoing, while the other two are more
reserved, much like Luke himself. Madison and the teacher also begin monitoring the schoolyard
and creating games in which the whole class participates such as baseball (where Luke can stand
in the outfield or be a more active member and pitch the ball). Which of the following delivery systems/intervention methods, as mentioned in the Blueprint for Training and Practice III, has Madison conducted?
a. universal
b. targeted
c. national
d. intensive
b. targeted
48
All of the following are considered Federal Education Legislation except:
a. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) now IDEIA
b. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA)
c. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB)
d. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)
d. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)
49
Which of the following is NOT a functional competency domain for school psychologists listed in
School Psychology: A Blueprint for Training and Practice III?
a. Systems‐Based Service Delivery
b. Technological Applications
c. Supervision of Interns
d. Enhancing the Development of Cognitive and Academic Skills
c. Supervision of Interns
50
What is the initial step in the data‐oriented problem solving model?
a. Conducting a Functional Behavioral Assessment
b. Interviewing the parents
c. Identifying the problem and determining if it is worth solving
d. Developing a data‐driven intervention
c. Identifying the problem and determining if it is worth solving
51
What are three violence prevention methods a school psychologist can implement in his/her school district?
a. Implementing programs that teach students better social skills, improving environmental factors, increasing amount of socializing
b. Implementing programs that teach students better social skills, intervening with at‐risk
students, involving students, staff and parents
c. Intervening with at‐risk students, providing in‐services for teachers, improving
environmental factors
d. Intervening with at‐risk students, improving environmental factors, providing parent
training classes
e. Installing metal detectors and conducting criminal history checks on students
b. Implementing programs that teach students better social skills, intervening with at‐risk
students, involving students, staff and parents
52
A school psychologist is modifying her school’s crisis response plan and has set up two teams to
help implement the plan. A teacher who has volunteered to act as a team member would most
likely be placed into what team?
a. District Team
b. Crisis Team
c. Building Team
d. School Team
c. Building Team
53
At the school where you work, a teacher who has recently gotten fired storms into the building with a loaded gun and begins screaming and yelling. He fires off several shots and wounds two teachers. The police are quickly able to get in the building and arrest the man. The crisis plan
goes into effect immediately. As the principal handles things with the administration and works directly with the police and medical assistance, your primary job as the school psychologist should be to do which of the following?
a. Handle the communication with the parents and reassure them that their children are
safe.
b. Stay with the teachers who have been wounded
c. Call the administration and inform them of any updates
d. Stay beside the principal and help her speak to the police
a. Handle the communication with the parents and reassure them that their children are
safe.
54
School psychologists are trained in all of the following areas pertaining to crisis response in school except which of the following?
a. Implementing prevention and intervention programs that reduce aggressive behaviors
among youths
b. Participating in and facilitating evidence‐based procedures to respond to targeted
threats of violence
c. Helping communities prepare for responses to crises spawned by violence
d. Acting as the leader and making all of the primary decisions in a crisis situation
e. Helping schools prepare for responses to crises
d. Acting as the leader and making all of the primary decisions in a crisis situation
55
Cindy is struggling with math. Her teacher, Mrs. Apple, is implementing an intervention utilizing practice and reinforcement making memorization of facts and rules a fundamental way of
learning. Which approach to learning is being used by Mrs. Apple?
a. Behavioral Approach
b. Humanistic Approach
c. Cognitive Education Approach
d. Cognitive Behavioral Therapeutic Approach
e. Existential Approach
a. Behavioral Approach
56
Which instrument is more of a theory‐based measure of basic psychological processing than a statistically derived approach to measuring cognitive abilities?
a. CAS
b. WISC‐IV
c. Stanford Binet‐ 5th Ed.
d. WJ‐III
e. WIAT‐III
a. CAS
57
Simon is a school psychologist who is mentoring school psychology students about how to reduce the likelihood of stress overload by fostering an atmosphere of cooperation in the school. Which of the following would Simon NOT name as a protective component of effective
training programs?
a. Curriculum that promotes intrapersonal and interpersonal development
b. Provision of remedial interventions for students having difficulties
c. Program philosophy emphasizing personal growth
d. Faculty modeling self‐care, well functioning, and stress management
e. Program designed to experiment with outside recreations and vocations
e. Program designed to experiment with outside recreations and vocations
58
Which of the following classifications of medications is NOT a common treatment for ADHD symptoms?
a. Stimulants
b. Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists
c. Antidepressants
d. SSRIs (Mood stabilizers)
e. Antipsychotics
b. Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists
59
The district school psychologist is participating in a meeting to discuss Johnny’s maladaptive
behavior. These behaviors include teacher observed lethargy, poor work completion, and student complaints of depressed thoughts. Johnny’s mother inquires about services and treatment options for Johnny. Which of the following would NOT be a best practice for recommending treatment?
a. Asking the mother about background and family history
b. Asking Johnny about his thoughts and concerns
c. Offering school‐based group counseling services that are cognitive behavioral based
d. Recommending treatment options which may include seeing the family doctor and
receiving medication
e. Offering consultation services to Johnny’s teacher in regards to increasing his
productivity and social interaction in the classroom
d. Recommending treatment options which may include seeing the family doctor and
receiving medication
60
It has been brought to the school psychologist’s attention that Sally, a ninth grade general education student, is suspected of using drugs. In consultation, the school psychologist would
like to gather information regarding risk factors. Which of the following statements would
provide data about risk factors for drug use?
a. Sally has been involved in the DARE program since the 5th grade.
b. Recently, Sally has started sleeping in class and will occasionally leave school early with her older boyfriend.
c. Sally had been receiving community based services for an anxiety disorder, but has
discontinued treatment.
d. Her father has a history of alcohol abuse, but has been in recovery for 9 years.
e. Both c and d
e. Both c and d
61
One of the events often mentioned in tandem with the beginning of School Psychology is the
publication of the __________ in 1905.
a. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
b. Binet‐Simon Scales
c. Differential Ability Scale (DAS)
d. School Psychology Journal
b. Binet‐Simon Scales
62
Which of the following best describes the minimum level of training required for certification as a
school psychologist in most states?
a. BA degree, with some graduate level courses
b. Masters degree
c. Specialist level training (Masters + at least 30 additional graduate credits)
d. Doctor of Psychology degree (PsyD)
c. Specialist level training (Masters + at least 30 additional graduate credits)
63
```
What is the process of psychological change in values, beliefs, and behaviors when one is adapting
to a new culture?
a. Acculturation
b. Worldview
c. Moderating variables
d. Integration of values
```
a. Acculturation
64
Which of the following is an expected outcome of school‐based consultation?
a. Remediation of a student problem
b. Improvement in a teacher’s ability to handle future problems
c. Enhancement of collaborative relationships among school personnel
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
65
Which of the following is an instructional strategy that divides students into heterogeneous learning
groups, with each group member being responsible for learning one section of a lesson and teaching
it to other group members?
a. Skim, Rap, & Map
b. The Jigsaw Classroom
c. Mnemonics
d. Graphic Organizers
b. The Jigsaw Classroom
66
Which of the following is an appropriate research role for school psychologists?
a. Distributor of research
b. Conductor of research
c. Consumer of research
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
67
Within a three‐tiered model of intervention, activities at the universal (primary prevention) level could include which of the following?
a. A classroom‐based social‐emotional learning curriculum for students in kindergarten
through third grade
b. Remedial instruction provided for students who performed poorly on standardized
testing
c. Social skills training group for students who have been having problems on the playground
d. None of the above
a. A classroom‐based social‐emotional learning curriculum for students in kindergarten
through third grade
68
Which definition most accurately captures the role and definition of a school psychologist?
a. School psychology is a profession concerned with the development, mental health, and education of children and youth
b. School psychologists provide services to children, youth, and their families within the
context of educational settings but are not limited to those settings.
c. School psychology is part of a broader field of psychology and is connected to the field of
education and other professional fields.
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
69
Which of the following describes evidence‐based practice?
a. Intervention strategies are selected based on prior research.
b. Professional activities are infused with practices proven to be effective in improving
outcomes.
c. Decisions are based upon data, including results of individual measures of outcome.
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
70
School psychologists have a great challenge to adopt more data‐oriented problem solving
approaches to assessing, intervening with, and treating children. The method that focuses on behaviors, their antecedents, and consequences is called
a. Correlation Assessment
b. Applied Analysis
c. Functional Behavioral Assessment
d. Intelligence Monitoring
c. Functional Behavioral Assessment
71
Historical Determinism means
a. we are free to make choices
b. our personality is fixed at an early age
c. we determine our life goals in adolescence
d. we are destined to make mistakes
b. our personality is fixed at an early age
72
In personality theories, early childhood experiences are thought to be
a. experiences that have little impact on our lives
b. without effect on adult behavior
c. critical to personality formation by all theorists
d. very important by some theorists and less important by others
d. very important by some theorists and less important by others
73
Cattell's theory did not originate in the
a. scientific setting
b. statistical setting
c. clinical setting
d. correlational factor analysis setting
c. clinical setting
74
The collective unconscious includes the past experiences of our
a. individual frustrations and failures
b. individual participation in groups
c. human and prehuman ancestors
d. previous incarnations as other people
c. human and prehuman ancestors
75
Erikson divided personality growth into
a. eight stages leading to adolescence
b. four stages of psychosexual development
c. eight stages from birth to death
d. four eras marked by biological changes
c. eight stages from birth to death
76
Which one of the following pairs is correct?
a. superego‐conscience principle
b. ego – pleasure principle
c. id – pleasure principle
d. id – reality principle
c. id – pleasure principle
77
The task of the ego is to __________ id impulses.
a. stop satisfaction of
b. clarify
c. postpone, delay, or redirect
d. help obtain quick satisfaction of
b. clarify
78
Which one of the following best supports Jung's idea of the collective unconscious?
a. The tendency of Jung’s patients to focus on childhood experiences
b. Common themes and symbols in different cultures
c. Physiological reactions to the word‐association test
d. Symptom analysis
b. Common themes and symbols in different cultures
79
Each of Erickson’s stages of life involve
a. Sexual need
b. Crisis
c. Significant other person
d. Pleasure that must be renounced
b. Crisis
80
According to Skinner, operant behavior
a. Involves emitted (not elicited) behavior
b. Is modified by the reinforcement that follows the behavior
c. Produces a change in the organism’s environment
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
81
According to Kelly, a construct is
a. An innate drive
b. Our way of explaining or interpreting the world
c. A result of past reinforcement
d. The need to actualize the self
b. Our way of explaining or interpreting the world
82
The fundamental feature of Bandura’s theory is his
a. Focus on human subjects
b. Idea of learning by observation or example
c. Emphasis on unconscious influencing variables
d. Denial of the importance of reinforcement
b. Idea of learning by observation or example
83
Far more than the other theorists, Kelly’s approach emphasizes _________ functioning.
a. intellectual
b. biological
c. unconscious
d. irrational
a. intellectual
84
Bandura’s famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated the power of
a. Punishment
b. Modeling
c. Token reinforcement
d. Aggressive urges in children
b. Modeling
85
The key idea in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is that
a. Higher needs must be satisfied first
b. Individual needs are learned
c. Higher needs do not appear until lower needs have been satisfied
d. Safety needs are the most important
c. Higher needs do not appear until lower needs have been satisfied
86
Maslow was associated with __________ psychology.
a. psychoanalytic
b. individual
c. behaviorist
d. humanistic
d. humanistic
87
The Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator is the
a. Updated version of the Maudsley Personality Inventory
b. Primary instrument for conducting research on Jung’s psychological types
c. Current version of word association test
d. Preferred instrument for understanding dreams
b. Primary instrument for conducting research on Jung’s psychological types
88
In behavior modification therapy, unconscious forces are
a. Brought to the surface
b. Ignored
c. Eliminated by negative reinforcement
d. Extinguished
b. Ignored
89
Which is the correct order of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
a. safety, physiological, belongingness, esteem, self‐actualization
b. physiological, belongingness, esteem, safety, self‐actualization
c. physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self‐actualization
d. physiological, safety, esteem, belongingness, self‐actualization
c. physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self‐actualization
90
```
A teacher who teaches a broad, complicated skill by breaking it into smaller, more manageable steps
is using which technique?
a. Token economy
b. Observational learning
c. Successive approximation
d. Social‐learning
```
c. Successive approximation
91
A student, Brittney, is usually a happy‐go‐lucky child, but seems irritable in your counseling session
today. She is having trouble concentrating on your conversation and seems restless. You notice her
hands are trembling and she constantly fidgets with them. After your session, you talk to her teacher about her unusual behaviors. Her teacher informs you that she has a college entrance exam today that she has been dreading. Brittney is showing symptoms of
a. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
b. Panic Disorder
c. Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder
d. Social Phobia Disorder
e. PTSD
b. Panic Disorder
92
Most children with ADHD‐Combined Type experience all of the following except
a. Academic underachievement
b. Positive peer relationships
c. Difficulties conforming to rules and expectations
d. Poor attention span
e. Impulsivity/Hyperactivity
b. Positive peer relationships
93
Ms. Jones, a 3rd grade teacher, has expressed concerns to the school psychologist about Lilly, a
student with a disability who is receiving special educational services. According to Ms. Jones, Lilly participates in class and successfully completes her class work and homework. However, Lilly consistently performs poorly on quizzes and tests. Ms. Jones believes Lilly understands the material during instruction but does not show her understanding in testing situations. According to best
practices, the school psychologist should recommend
a. Conducting a curriculum‐based assessment to determine why Lilly is performing poorly on
quizzes and tests.
b. Filling out a request for the building‐level problem‐solving team to consider Lilly for
additional services.
c. Ms. Jones use alternative assignments and tasks in addition to tests and quizzes to better assess Lilly’s understanding of the material.
d. Lilly be seen by the guidance counselor to discuss her test‐taking anxiety.
e. Ms. Jones provide Lilly with as many opportunities for retests as possible.
c. Ms. Jones use alternative assignments and tasks in addition to tests and quizzes to better assess Lilly’s understanding of the material.
94
A school psychologist conducts a direct observation of a student with behavioral difficulties within the classroom and collects data using narrative recording techniques. To obtain narrative
recordings, an observer writes a description of events that occurred within a given time frame. Which of the following is NOT a technique or method used for a narrative record?
a. Daily log
b. ABC analysis
c. Descriptive time sampling
d. Continuous recording
e. Behavior intervention plan
e. Behavior intervention plan
95
The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence – III (WPPSI‐III) is an individually
administered test of cognitive ability with two core batteries based on the child’s age. The battery intended for the younger population is used for children ranging in age from
a. 3 years, 0 months to 5 years, 0 months
b. 2 years, 6 months to 3 years, 11 months
c. 4 years, 0 months to 7 years, 6 months
d. 2 years, 0 months to 4 years, 6 months
e. 2 years, 6 months to 7 years, 3 months
b. 2 years, 6 months to 3 years, 11 months
96
A teacher is implementing a new behavioral intervention for a particular student within her class at the school psychologist’s request. The intervention is started on the first day of the month and is
designed to run for thirty days. The school psychologist periodically stops into the classroom to observe the teacher’s implementation of the intervention. After fifteen days, the teacher sits down with the school psychologist to discuss the organization of the program, procedures, and her technique in order to improve her delivery of the program to the student. This is an example of:
a. Consumer‐oriented evaluation
b. Formative evaluation
c. Participant‐oriented evaluation
d. Survey evaluation
e. Summative evaluation
b. Formative evaluation
97
Preschool‐aged children often exhibit deficits in one or multiple areas that may be a precursor to a possible learning disability. Which of the following deficits is NOT a possible precursor for a learning disorder in preschool‐aged children?
a. Difficulty with balance and walking
b. Inability to follow or remember one‐step directions
c. Delayed physical growth
d. Difficulty focusing attention or sitting still
e. Inability to use words such as ‘yes’ or ‘no’ when appropriate
c. Delayed physical growth
98
Tyler, a fourth grader in Ms. Goodwin’s class, is struggling in all academic areas. Tyler is a general education student in an inclusion setting and is receiving services in the general education
classroom along with students with disabilities. According to Ms. Goodwin, Tyler is currently
receiving small group instruction from the special education teacher in the classroom, fifteen
minutes of phonics instruction each week from a parent volunteer, individualized instruction from Ms. Goodwin, and modified tests and quizzes from the special education teacher. Ms. Goodwin has
assessed Tyler as being below grade level in reading and math. Which answer best describes what the school psychologist should do next?
a. Tell Ms. Goodwin to fill out a referral form for an IEP team evaluation.
b. Suggest Ms. Goodwin conduct a curriculum‐based assessment to determine Tyler’s present
academic levels and help her design classroom interventions.
c. Set up a meeting with Ms. Goodwin and Tyler’s mother to discuss the concerns and ask
Tyler’s mother to help him at home.
d. Tell Ms. Goodwin to allow Tyler to stay after school a few days each week for extra help.
e. Recommend Ms. Goodwin reduce the amount of work and level of difficulty to increase
Tyler’s success level and improve his self‐confidence.
b. Suggest Ms. Goodwin conduct a curriculum‐based assessment to determine Tyler’s present
academic levels and help her design classroom interventions.
99
After collecting data from several informants for a functional behavior assessment, the school psychologist determines that the information is insufficient for hypothesis generation. Which best
describes what the school psychologist should do next?
a. Conduct a student file review
b. Identify other informants to interview
c. Use another form of data collecting with the same informants
d. Conduct a direct observation
e. Interview the student
d. Conduct a direct observation
100
Which of the following statements about the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) is
most accurate?
a. It is an effective screening measure of verbal and nonverbal abilities.
b. It is linked to the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children‐4th Edition (WISC‐IV) but not the
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐3rd Edition (WAIS‐III).
c. It does not have satisfactory reliability and validity.
d. It is able to be used with a broad range of individuals from age 2 years, 6 months to 89
years, 0 months.
e. It is an acceptable substitute or replacement for a comprehensive measure of intellectual
abilities
a. It is an effective screening measure of verbal and nonverbal abilities.
101
A student with a documented visual impairment is recommended for reevaluation. The school psychologist completes the assessment of the student, but later finds out that the student is required to wear prescription glasses. What should the school psychologist do?
a. Throw out the assessment and re‐test using the same assessment tool, making sure the student wears his glasses the second time
b. Keep the original assessment and make a note in the report that the student was not
wearing his glasses during testing
c. Keep only the parts of the assessment where the student did not have to read or view
anything in order to answer the item
d. Reassess the student using a new assessment tool, making sure the student wears his
glasses during testing
e. Throw out the original assessment and complete your evaluation without using a new
formal evaluation tool.
d. Reassess the student using a new assessment tool, making sure the student wears his
glasses during testing
102
The systematic collection of data is crucial in developing appropriate interventions that help students in the classroom. Decisions made without gathering this information may result in
implementing inappropriate interventions. The process begins with problem identification and the steps include all of the following EXCEPT which method?
a. Observation techniques
b. Teacher interviews
c. Review of previous interventions
d. Curriculum‐based measurements
e. Peer‐based interviews
e. Peer‐based interviews
103
Ms. Gardiner, a third grade teacher, had a difficult time encouraging one of her students, Mary, to complete written assignments. Mary was able to generate good ideas, but had trouble transferring
her ideas onto paper. Therefore, Ms. Gardiner decreased the demands of the task by allowing Mary to provide her answers orally and write a one‐sentence summary. As Mary’s written expression improved, Ms. Gardiner gradually reduced her support until Mary gained independence during written assignments. This instructional strategy is best known as:
a. Engagement time
b. Flexible grouping
c. Independence training
d. Scaffolding
e. Differentiated instruction
d. Scaffolding
104
Which of the following statements is NOT true of progress monitoring?
a. It is used to determine the effectiveness of an intervention.
b. It is a standardized tool used to monitor student progress over time.
c. The tool used for collecting the baseline data must be used throughout.
d. It should be used frequently to monitor outcomes of the interventions.
e. It provides a measure for ensuring professional accountability
b. It is a standardized tool used to monitor student progress over time.
105
Mrs. Barnard has been asked to develop an academic intervention for a fourth grader, Johnny, as a result of a recent building‐based problem‐solving team meeting. She has been told by a member of the team that Johnny is displaying oppositional behaviors when asked to complete any reading
assignments. Mrs. Barnard decides to administer the DIBELS to Johnny. According to Bergan and Kratochill’s four‐step problem solving process, Mrs. Barnard is pursuing which of the following steps?
a. Problem Identification
b. Problem Evaluation
c. Problem Solving
d. Problem Implementation
e. Problem Analysis
a. Problem Identification
106
Which of the following is NOT true of “specially designed instruction” as defined by IDEA?
a. It requires that classroom accommodations be used for students.
b. It is defined as adapting the content, methodology, or delivery of instruction.
c. It is meant to address the unique needs of the child that result from his or her disability.
d. It is meant to ensure access to the general curriculum in order for each child to meet the
educational standards.
e. It is a required part of the IEP document.
a. It requires that classroom accommodations be used for students.
107
Academic Learning Time (ALT) is defined as the portion of instructional time that the teacher allocates for which of the following?
a. Each content area throughout the student’s instructional day.
b. Content areas during which students are actively and productively engaged in learning.
c. Specially designed, direct instruction within the classroom.
d. Teaching students based upon their varying background knowledge, readiness, language,
and preferences in learning.
e. Lesson plans and structured instructional activities.
b. Content areas during which students are actively and productively engaged in learning.
108
High stakes testing is intended to yield four main outcomes. Which of the following is NOT an
intended outcome of high stakes testing?
a. More efficient tracking methods
b. Better aligned curricula
c. Increased motivation
d. More equitable educational opportunities
e. Increased overall efficiency
a. More efficient tracking methods
109
A second grade student, Matthew, is referred to the problem‐solving team at the beginning of the
third marking period due to difficulties in reading. As a result, an intervention is implemented to
address these concerns. A progress monitoring tool is utilized to assess the effectiveness of the
intervention. The teacher, collaborating with the school psychologist, also conducts periodic functional assessments to monitor his progress. At the end of the school year, the teacher discusses the techniques used, analyzes the data collected, and determines the overall effectiveness of the
intervention. This is an example of
a. Formative evaluation
b. Consumer‐oriented evaluation
c. Treatment integrity evaluation
d. Summative evaluation
e. Participant‐oriented evaluation
d. Summative evaluation
110
The philosophy that states that students should be promoted to higher grades based on age rather
than academic accomplishment is known as what?
a. Accountability
b. Social production
c. Tracking
d. Social attainment
e. Social promotion
e. Social promotion
111
Mr. Hunter, a school psychologist, has been using the school district’s study skills curriculum to help students improve their time management. Initially, Mr. Hunter asked each student to keep track of how much time he/she is spending on each assignment. After teaching various time management
techniques over a period of six weeks, Mr. Hunter asked students to keep a record of the techniques that did or did not work well for them; these findings were discussed with the group. Now, Mr Hunter is working on having the students recognize when and where to apply the strategies that
best work for them. Which of the following best describes the instructional strategy that is being used by Mr. Hunter?
a. Externalizing strategy
b. Internalizing strategy
c. Metacognition
d. Knowledge of strategies
e. Cooperative Learning
c. Metacognition
112
Ms. Tyrell has recently been made aware of a student, Mark, who becomes oppositional during class when asked to complete written tasks. Ms. Tyrell conducts a functional assessment in order to
determine whether the opposition is a result of a skill or performance deficit. According to Bergan
and Kratochwill, Problem Analysis involves five crucial steps. This is an example of which of these
five steps?
a. Identify relevant known information
b. Identify relevant unknown information
c. Generate the hypothesis or predication
d. Validate the hypothesis or predication
e. Link assessment information to intervention design
c. Generate the hypothesis or predication
113
For students who have social communication deficits, an alternative communication system in which pictures are used by an individual to express what he or she wants or needs is called
a. Discrete Trial Instruction (DTI)
b. Social Stories
c. Verbal Behavior System
d. Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)
e. Token economy
d. Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)
114
Which of the following is a situation where the school psychologist is NOT required to breach confidentiality from counseling sessions with a student?
a. The student says he wants to hurt his teacher.
b. The school psychologist is obligated to testify in court regarding the information.
c. A student writes a letter saying she wants to hurt herself and has developed a plan.
d. A parent requests weekly reports on what is being discussed during counseling sessions.
e. The student requests for the school psychologist to help disclose confidential information to
his or her parent
d. A parent requests weekly reports on what is being discussed during counseling sessions.
115
Applied Behavior Analysis is:
a. A systematic way of teaching involving a series of repeated trials to teach cognitive, social,
and behavioral skills.
b. A framework for thinking about the development of language and its application.
c. A framework in which the science and principles of behavior are applied to develop procedures to improve socially significant behavior.
d. The way in which behavior analysts determine the function of a behavior and determine
how it is reinforced and maintained.
e. A program in which skills are broken down into smaller steps that are easy to teach.
c. A framework in which the science and principles of behavior are applied to develop procedures to improve socially significant behavior.
116
The school psychologist wants to evaluate the climate of the school. Which of the following is an example of direct assessment?
a. Reviewing teachers’ questionnaires regarding their opinion on the school’s overall climate
b. Graphing the discipline referrals so the data can be reviewed quantitatively
c. Walking around the school in order to document the cleanliness of the school
d. Observing classrooms to see how the school climate impacts teacher instruction
e. Examining job satisfaction based on teacher turnover rate
a. Reviewing teachers’ questionnaires regarding their opinion on the school’s overall climate
117
Johnny, a second grader, has learned how to initiate play through watching and modeling other
children in his classroom. Johnny is learning social skills through what method?
a. Universal
b. Selected
c. Formal
d. Informal
e. Performance
d. Informal
118
The following are components of Positive Behavior Support except:
a. Grouping students into enrichment clusters to increase academic interest.
b. Meeting with staff to review specific behavior referrals.
c. Developing a unified system to rank behaviors by means of severity.
d. Incorporating academic and behavior instruction into classroom lessons.
e. Strengthening behavior using tangible and non‐tangible reinforces.
a. Grouping students into enrichment clusters to increase academic interest.
119
Which of the following is NOT a best practice of implementing negative consequences?
a. Removing of a privilege that a student has previously earned
b. Calling a parent to inform them of the student’s behavior
c. Withholding an extrinsic motivator until the student corrects his/her behavior
d. Referring the student to an administrator
e. Responding immediately
a. Removing of a privilege that a student has previously earned
120
60. Which one of the following is NOT a basic psychological process important for academic success?
a. Attention
b. Evaluation
c. Planning
d. Simultaneous
e. Successive
b. Evaluation
