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Development of Object Control Skills Flashcards

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1
Q

One of the most complex fundamental movement patterns in human motor development is what?

A

Throwing

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2
Q

True/False: Throwing involves coordinated sequencing of multiple body segments

A

True

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3
Q

What are the three phases of throwing?

A

Preparatory
Follow-through
Execution

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4
Q

Which phase of throwing is this: All movements are directed away from the intended line of projection (winding up)

A

Preparatory phase

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5
Q

Which phase of throwing is this: All movements following the release of the projectile (allows for proper deceleration)

A

Follow-through

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6
Q

True/False: A follow-through allows for injury prevention

A

True

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7
Q

Which phase of throwing is this: All movements are performed in the direction of the throw

A

Execution

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8
Q

What are the key characteristics of Stage 1 throwing?

A

-Throwing motion is posterior to anterior
-Feet remain stationary
-Little to no trunk rotation

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9
Q

Which stage of throwing resembles more of a pushing action rather than a true throw?

A

Stage 1

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10
Q

Which stage of throwing creates a narrow base of support?

A

Stage 1

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11
Q

True/False: Little trunk rotation in Stage 1 of throwing improves power generation and force transfer

A

False

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12
Q

Stage 1 of throwing is typically observed in children at what age?

A

2-3 years

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13
Q

True/False: Stage 1 of throwing is primarily arm-dominated

A

True (minimal contribution from other body segments; limits force generation)

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14
Q

True/False: Stage 1 of throwing includes a preparatory phase

A

False

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15
Q

When is Stage 2 of throwing typically observed in children?

A

3-4 years of age

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16
Q

What are three key features observed during Stage 2 of throwing?

A

-Increased body rotation (begins to contribute to force generation)
-Forward stepping (maybe; inconsistent)
-Transverse arm movement

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17
Q

True/False: Stage 2 of throwing shows early integration of LE and UE body components

A

True (coordination is still rudimentary)

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18
Q

When is Stage 3 of throwing typically observed in children?

A

Around 4-5 years

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19
Q

What are the key features observed during Stage 3 of throwing?

A

-Greater wind-up motion (arm moves further back)
-Increased force generation
-Step forward w/ same-side leg as throwing arm (move together)

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20
Q

Is an ipsilateral throwing pattern biomechanically less efficient?

A

Yes (however, this may help progress coordination further)

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21
Q

When is Stage 4 of throwing typically observed in children?

A

Emerging around 5-6 years

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22
Q

What are the key characteristics observed during Stage 4 of throwing?

A

-Contralateral movement (steps w/ opposite foot from throwing arm)
-Wide BOS (w/ stride forward)
-Limited rotation

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23
Q

What are the benefits of contralateral movement during throwing?

A

Enhances stability and rotational power

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24
Q

What are the benefits of having a wider base of support when throwing?

A

Allows for greater force generation and better balance

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25
True/False: Boys don't typically advance through the throwing stages faster than girls (biological and sociocultural factors)
False
26
A mature throwing pattern is seen in girls by what age?
7-9 years
27
A mature throwing pattern is seen in boys by what age?
6-7 years
28
What are the primary features observed in a mature throwing pattern?
-A step w/ the contralateral foot -Full trunk rotation (sequential weight transfer) -Whip like arm action -Appropriate follow through
29
True/False: Catching skills develop in a predictable sequence from simple to complex
True (stationary objects before moving ones)
30
Initial attempts at catching focus on using what as opposed to just the hands
Using large body parts
31
What are the developmental aspects of catching?
-Stationary object interception -Passive airborne reception -Active reception development
32
Describe stationary object interception
Stopping a rolling object typically involves sitting on the floor w/ legs spread apart (child uses both legs and hands to "trap" ball's movement)
33
Describe passive airborne reception
Use of a more passive approach (child's arms are outstretched; uses body as backstop to catch the ball)
34
Describe active reception
As the child progresses, they move away from whole-body reception to more refined hand-eye coordination (anticipatory positioning)
35
At approximately what age does active reception develop?
Adolescence
36
The developmental progressions involved with catching reflect what three things?
-Spatial awareness -Coordination -Perceptual motor integration
37
What are the key characteristics of Stage 1 catching?
-Rigid positioning -More reactive (rather than anticipatory) -Demonstrates a fear response to approaching ball
38
What is the fear response demonstrated by a child when attempting to catch a ball?
Turning the head away or closing their eyes
39
When is Stage 1 of catching typically observed in children?
2-3 years of age
40
What stage of catching relies heavily on visual tracking skills?
Stage 1
41
In Stage 1 of catching, how are the child's arms positioned?
Directly in front of the body (elbows fully extended; palms up)
42
True/False: Anticipatory arm movements occur before ball contact in Stage 1 of catching
False
43
What are three key features observed in Stage 2 of catching?
-Improved arm position (slightly flexed for better absorption) -Circular containment (greater surface area) -Anticipatory movement
44
What is an example of anticipatory movement made prior to catching (Stage 2)?
Arm action is initiated before ball contact
45
When is Stage 2 of catching typically observed in children?
3-4 years
46
What stage of catching marks the beginning of hand involvement?
Stage 3 (chest still remains primary contact point)
47
When is Stage 3 of catching typically observed in children?
4-5 years
48
What are three key features observed in Stage 4 of catching?
-More precise timing, anticipation, and hand-eye coordination -Increased proficiency -Hand dominant catching
49
Which stage of catching can children successfully catch balls of various sizes when thrown at them at appropriate speeds?
Stage 4
50
When is Stage 4 of catching typically observed in children?
5-6 years
51
At what age is a mature catching pattern typically achieved?
6-7 years
52
True/False: Many children encounter significant difficulty when transitioning from stationary catching to moving catches
True (integration of locomotor skills; anticipatory timing; spatial awareness)
53
The critical distinction of Stage 5 (mature) catching patterns is what?
The ability to catch while moving toward the object
54
True/False: The developmental progression of striking skills does not follow predictable patterns similar to throwing
False
55
What can "striking" involve?
-Direct body contact -Short implement -Long implement
56
When it comes to striking, what does direct body contact require?
-Precise timing -Proper body positioning
57
When it comes to striking, using a short implement requires what?
Coordinating body's rotational forces w/ swing path (baseball bat or golf club)
58
When it comes to striking, using a long implement requires what?
Manage extended lever arm while maintaining control
59
When is Stage 1 of striking typically observed in children?
2-3 years
60
What stage of striking relies on arm action with minimal contribution from other body segments?
Stage 1
61
What contributes to poor contact and timing issues in Stage 1 of striking?
Children tend to focus on the implement rather than the object
62
When is Stage 2 of striking typically observed in children?
3-4 years
63
What key features are observed in Stage 2 of striking?
-Limited foot movement (remain relatively stationary; slight weight shift) -Block rotation -Horizontal swing path
64
What is block rotation?
Involves unitary rotation (segments move as single unit rather than in sequence)
65
When is Stage 3 of striking typically observed in children?
4-5 years
66
What key features are observed in Stage 3 of striking?
-Increased weight transfer -Improved coordination between segments -Ipsilateral pattern (same-side coordination) -Striking implement swung in oblique-vertical plane -Greater arm extension
67
Mature striking patterns are characterized by what key features?
-Efficient weight transfer (back to front foot in contralateral pattern) -Sequential rotation -Optimal lever mechanics
68
True/False: Hip rotation initiates the kinetic chain, followed by trunk rotation and finally arm movement (striking)
True
69
Optimal lever mechanics during striking involve what?
Appropriate follow-through (full extension of arms during contact)
70
When are mature striking patterns observed in boys?
6-7
71
When are mature striking patterns observed in girls?
7-8
72
What developmental skill combines aspects of striking with continuous control?
Ball bouncing
73
Advanced levels of ball bouncing maintain what?
Height and rhythm
74
True/False: Early attempts at ball bouncing do not resemble downward strikes
False (compared to controlled pushes)
75
What are the three developmental stages of ball bouncing?
-Initial slapping -Pushing pattern -Controlled dribbling
76
Describe the initial slapping stage
Slapping ball w/ a flat hand (inconsistent bounces; poor control)
77
Describe the pushing pattern
Development progresses to pushing (more directional control)
78
True/False: When in the "pushing pattern" phase of ball bouncing, rhythm and consistency are still lacking
True
79
Describe controlled dribbling
Mature pattern (rhythmic pushing pattern w/ appropriate force)

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