Motor Learning - Theoretical Perspective Flashcards
(30 cards)
What does “theories of motor learning” mean?
A group of abstract ideas about the nature and control of skilled action (acquired and modified)
What are characteristics of open-loop control systems?
Attention is required to initiate action (subsequent movement triggered by some stimulus)
Executes movement w/out feedback (no error-checking mechanism)
Cannot modify ongoing movements
Are open-loop control systems more or less accurate?
Less accurate (no error-checking system; no feedback)
What are characteristics of closed-loop control systems?
Uses feedback to adjust and correct performance (sensory feedback from ongoing movement is compared w/ stored memory - provides reference for correctness)
More complex
Can detect and correct deviations (adaptable)
Are closed-loop control systems more or less accurate?
More (continuously monitoring output and comparing w/ desired movement/value)
What are the limitations of Adams’ Theory of Motor Learning (closed-loop)?
Would need many different motor programs
Doesn’t explain novel movements (rapid; absence of sensory feedback)
With reference to the Schmidt’s Schema Theory, do motor programs contain the specifics of movement?
No (more generalized rules to apply to variety of concepts; practiced under many different conditions)
Once an individual movement is made, what four things does short-term memory store?
Initial movement conditions (body position; wt. of object)
Parameters used (speed; force; direction)
Outcome of the movement (KR - wanted?)
Sensory consequences of the movement (sound; felt; looked)
What two schemas are incorporated into Schmidt’s Theory?
Recognition (sensory - evaluate responses)
Recall (motor - selecting specific response)
How does “learning” occur with reference to Schmidt’s Schema Theory?
Learning is ongoing (constantly updating recognition and recall schemas w/ each experience)
What is Newell’s Ecological Theory?
Based on the concept of search strategies to solve the requirements of the task efficiently (distinguishing between relevant perceptual cues)
What are some examples of perceptual cues with reference to Newell’s Ecological Theory?
Glass of water (fullness; wet/condensation)
Why are perceptual cues important to consider?
Perceptual cues shape the movement pattern carried out to perform the task optimally
In order to select the most optimal strategy to solve the requirements of a task, what must the patient have?
Understanding the goal of the task (provides more consistency)
What are the three stages of learning in Fitts and Posner 3-Stage Model (reference to skilled learning; changes over time)
Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous
What stage of learning is this - Learner is concerned w/ understanding the nature of the task and developing strategies (used for task performance)?
Cognitive stage
What stage of learning is this - The learner has selected the best strategy for the task and is focused on refining it?
Associative stage
What stage is this - The skill is performed automatically w/ a low degree of attention required?
Autonomous stage
What stage is this - Requires high degree of cognition?
Cognitive stage
What stage is this - Performance is highly variable and improvements in performance are quite large?
Cognitive stage
At what stage of learning does slowing of improvement occur?
Associative stage
At what stage of learning are internal cues preferred over external cues?
Cognitive stage
At what stage of learning are external cues preferred over internal cues?
Autonomous stage
True/False: Too much attention during the autonomous stage of learning may negatively interfere w/ movement efficiency
True
