Systems Development and Changes Across the Lifespan

Question 1

What defines an individual’s structure?

Answer 1

The skeletal system

Question 2

What allows for movement of the body’s structure?

Answer 2

The muscular system

Question 3

What system plays a vital role in energy storage, insulation, and protection?

Answer 3

The adipose system

Question 4

What system exerts control over specific cellular functions through hormones, therefore, regulating growth and maturation?

Answer 4

The endocrine system

Question 5

What system is the “site for thinking?”

Answer 5

The nervous system

Question 6

What other important things does the nervous system do?

Answer 6

-Controls movement and speech
-Memory

Question 7

What system is important for social, cognitive, and motor development?

Answer 7

The nervous system

Question 8

Where are epiphyseal plates located?

Answer 8

Ends of long bones

Question 9

What is critical to have near epiphyseal plates (secondary ossification centers)?

Answer 9

Good blood supply

Question 10

True/False: Each secondary ossification center closes at different times (depending on the bone)

Answer 10

True

Question 11

True/False: Ossification centers in boys close earlier than girls

Answer 11

False (girls - stop growing earlier than boys)

Question 12

What is appositional bone growth?

Answer 12

Changes in bone girth (bones increase in thickness or diameter - happens on bone’s outer surface)

Question 13

What type of joint models are formed in prenatal development?

Answer 13

Cartilaginous models (final shape develops throughout childhood)

Question 14

Joint formation is influenced by what?

Answer 14

Movement and compression

Question 15

Genu varum or valgum - Newborn

Answer 15

Moderate genu varum (bow-legged)

Question 16

Genu varum or valgum - 6 mo.

Answer 16

Minimal genu varum

Question 17

Genu varum or valgum - 2 yrs.

Answer 17

Genu valgum (eventually leads to protective toeing-in)

Question 18

Define torsion

Answer 18

The amount of twist present in a long bone

Question 19

Define version

Answer 19

The position of the head of the femur relative to the acetabulum

Question 20

Many children tend to use what specific type of postures during quiet play?

Answer 20

W-sitting

Question 21

What may happen if a w-sitting posture is overused

Answer 21

Impact development of acetabulum

Question 22

At what age does muscle loss in adulthood and older adulthood occur?

Answer 22

Starting at age 50

Question 23

True/False: Minimal changes related to the muscular system occur in young adulthood

Answer 23

True

Question 24

What extrinsic factors may offset muscle loss in older adults?

Answer 24

-Diet
-Physical activity

Question 25

Marked differences between sexes (muscular system changes) occur when?

Answer 25

Adolescence

Question 26

True/False: A rapid increase in adipose tissue occurs within the first 6 months of life

Answer 26

True (continues to be steady and gradual through age 8)

Question 27

Relative to the adipose system, what age is considered to be a key milestone?

Answer 27

7-8 yrs. (should relatively be the same into and throughout adulthood)

Question 28

Does fat distribution vary widely?

Answer 28

Yes

Question 29

Fat distribution in childhood is described as what?

Answer 29

Internal (visceral) fat > Subcutaneous fat

Question 30

An increase in subcutaneous fat occurs between what ages?

Answer 30

7 and 13 yrs. (continuous throughout puberty; hormones; especially women)

Question 31

True/False: Changes in adipose in adulthood is largely related to extrinsic factors

Answer 31

True (diet and physical activity)

Question 32

At what age does body weight start decreasing?

Answer 32

Age 50

Question 33

Excess or deficiency of hormones may result in what?

Answer 33

Interruption of normal growth and development

Question 34

What do hormones stimulate?

Answer 34

Protein anabolism

Question 35

What are the three major groups influencing growth and maturation?

Answer 35

-Growth hormone -Thyroid hormones -Gonadal hormones

Question 36

What hormone has an indirect influence on growth?

Answer 36

Insulin

Question 37

Rapid brain growth occurs within how many years of life?

Answer 37

First 4 yrs. of life (followed b steady gradual growth through adolescence)

Question 38

True/False: Myelination does not play a key role in development and aging

Answer 38

False (insulation of neural cells; faster conduction)

Question 39

What extrinsic factor plays an important role in the aging neural system?

Answer 39

Exercise (changes neurotransmitter levels; maintains BF to brain)

Question 40

True/False: Extrinsic factors play a bigger influence in adulthood (relative to deveopment)

Answer 40

True