Motor Learning - Applications to Practice

Question 1

Define feedback

Answer 1

All the sensory information that is available (tactile, visual, auditory) as the result of a movement a person has produced

Question 2

Define intrinsic feedback

Answer 2

Feedback that comes to the individual through various sensory systems (result of producing movement)

Question 3

Define extrinsic feedback

Answer 3

The information that supplements intrinsic feedback (in case of difficulty w/ IF due to system impairments)

Question 4

Name this feedback - Presented during the movement

Answer 4

Concurrent feedback

Question 5

When is concurrent feedback best used?

Answer 5

Used to highlight information not readily available from intrinsic feedback (if linked to active problem-solving)

Question 6

Name this feedback - Given after the movement

Answer 6

Terminal feedback

Question 7

Name this feedback - Presented immediately after the movement

Answer 7

Immediate feedback

Question 8

Name this feedback - Given after a brief time delay to allow the learner a brief time for self-assessment (3 sec. delay)

Answer 8

Delayed feedback

Question 9

Is feedback given after long delays contraindicated?

Answer 9

Yes

Question 10

Name this feedback - Given after a set number of trials (every 2nd, 5th, or 20th trial)

Answer 10

Summary feedback

Question 11

Name this feedback - Given first after every trial then less frequently over subsequent blocks of trials

Answer 11

Faded feedback

Question 12

Name this feedback - Given only when performance deviates outside boundaries of correct performance

Answer 12

Bandwidth-KR feedback

Question 13

Name this feedback - One source of feedback is provided so the learner processes limited information about a task (usually presented about same segment on consecutive trials)

Answer 13

Blocked feedback

Question 14

What is the downfall of blocked feedback?

Answer 14

May not improve performance and learning of the whole task (only improves performance of identified segment)

Question 15

Name this feedback - Multiple sources of feedback are provided

Answer 15

Variable (random) feedback

Question 16

Why is variable feedback considered superior in improving both performance and learning of a motor task?

Answer 16

Variable feedback encourages a learner to process a wider range of information about the task

Question 17

Define knowledge of results

Answer 17

The terminal feedback about the outcome of the movement (relative to the movement’s goal)

Question 18

What is an example of knowledge of results?

Answer 18

“Great job! You managed to complete the squat w/out losing balance”

Question 19

KR or KP - Helps patients understand whether they successfully completed a task

Answer 19

Knowledge of results

Question 20

KR or KP - Incorporates reinforcement, self-correction, and motivation

Answer 20

Knowledge of results

Question 21

Define knowledge of performance

Answer 21

Feedback relating to the quality and mechanics of the movement pattern (used to achieve a goal)

Question 22

What is an example of knowledge of performance?

Answer 22

“Try to keep your back straight when you squat. That’ll help w/ stability”

Question 23

KR or KP - Provides specific information and detailed guidance on how a movement was performed

Answer 23

Knowledge of performance

Question 24

KR or KP - Which is more intrinsically motivated?

Answer 24

Knowledge of performance

Question 25

True/False: If feedback is provided after each trial, does learning occur

Answer 25

No (less likely - not using cognitive processes over time; more dependent)

Question 26

What specific feedback schedule (type of feedback) is associated with improved retention rates?

Answer 26

Faded feedback

Question 27

When providing feedback to adults, is quantitative or qualitative better?

Answer 27

Quantitative (concrete; less vague; monitoring goal progress)

Question 28

True/False: With feedback, the goal is to continue using extrinsic feedback as often as possible

Answer 28

False (use occasionally; want to encourage intrinsic feedback)

Question 29

True/False: An internal focus of attention is better and more efficient when given to patients

Answer 29

False

Question 30

Why is an external focus of attention better for motor learning?

Answer 30

Less mental effort Speeds up learning process Greater automaticity of movement (more natural) Decreased energy expenditure

Question 31

What is an example of an external focus of attention?

Answer 31

"Keep the board horizontal" (if on a tilt board)

Question 32

What is an example of an internal focus of attention?

Answer 32

"Keep your feet horizontal" (if on a tilt board)

Question 33

What is an external focus of attention directed at?

Answer 33

The effect of movement

Question 34

What is an internal focus of attention directed at?

Answer 34

The performer's body movements (lots of concentration)

Question 35

True/False: Depending on the complexity of the movement pattern, feedback should be given initially

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Name the practice parameter - Session in which the amount of practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials

Answer 36

Massed practice

Question 37

Does practice promote learning?

Answer 37

Yes

Question 38

What is the downfall of massed practice parameters?

Answer 38

May lead to excessive fatigue (injuries)

Question 39

Name the practice parameter - Session in which the amount of rest between trials is equal to or greater than the amount of time for a trial

Answer 39

Distributed practice

Question 40

With more practice, does the rate of improvement decrease over time?

Answer 40

Yes

Question 41

What practice parameters should be implemented depending on the relevance of the condition?

Answer 41

Constant practice Variable practice

Question 42

Name the practice parameter - Useful for tasks that require minimal variation and will be performed in constant conditions

Answer 42

Constant practice

Question 43

Name the practice parameter - Most essential when learning tasks that are likely to be performed in variable conditions

Answer 43

Variable practice

Question 44

Variable or Constant - Which practice parameter generalizes learning and improves one's ability to adapt

Answer 44

Variable practice

Question 45

Name the practice parameter - Provides slight variations of the same task and are carried out in an unpredictable order

Answer 45

Random practice

Question 46

What practice parameter is more effective to use for skills that require different patterns of coordination?

Answer 46

Random practice

Question 47

What two things are important to consider when implementing random practice parameters?

Answer 47

Individual level of experience Intellectual abilities

Question 48

Name the practice parameter - The same task or series of exercises are performed repeatedly under the same conditions and in a predictable order

Answer 48

Blocked practice

Question 49

Random or Blocked - Which is better to used when in the acquisition phase?

Answer 49

Blocked practice

Question 50

Name the practice parameter - The entire task is performed from beginning to end

Answer 50

Whole training

Question 51

Name the practice parameter - A task is broken down into separate dimensions (mastering each step prior to learning entire task)

Answer 51

Part training