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Fundamental Concepts Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Define motor control

A

The ability to regulate or direct mechanisms essential for movement (neural, physical, behavioral aspects)

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2
Q

Define motor development

A

The study of changes in human motor behavior over the lifespan (processes that underlie these changes)

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3
Q

What are the four stages of motor development?

A

Embodied
Embedded
Enculturated
Enabling

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4
Q

Should you memorize milestone in regard to motor development progress?

A

No

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5
Q

How is motor development progress measured?

A

Appearance of new skills (variations; different combinations)
Refinement of movement
Better able to adapt to the environment

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6
Q

What is meant by the “embodied” stage of motor development?

A

Movements depend on the body’s physical structure and abilities (strength; coordination)

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7
Q

What is meant by the “embedded” stage of motor development?

A

The environment shapes how we move

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8
Q

What is meant by the “enculturated” stage of motor development?

A

Culture influences our movements

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9
Q

What is meant by the “enabling” stage of motor development?

A

Movement allows us to explore and interact with the world around us

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10
Q

What concepts does motor control address?

A

CNS organizes individual muscles and joints (coordinated functional movement patterns)
Sensory information is used (select and control for efficient movement)
Perceptions (ourselves; task; environment)

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11
Q

Define motor learning

A

A set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes (better movement over time)

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12
Q

True/False: Motor learning has the capability to produce skilled action

A

True

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13
Q

Why do we move?

A

Interact w/ the environment
Get where we need to go
Survival

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14
Q

True/False: Development of function and motor skill does not occur throughout life

A

False (skill must demonstrate adaptiveness, efficiency, and consistency)

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15
Q

True/False: During development, an individual demonstrates varying levels of mastery of the environment

A

True (everything begins to build on each other)

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16
Q

Mastery and competency over the environment is partly defined by what?

A

Age (changes over time)

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17
Q

At what moment does development begin?

A

Moment of conception (continues throughout the lifespan)

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18
Q

When does the most rapid period of growth occur?

A

First 24 months of life

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19
Q

True/False: Development does not occur in a specific sequence and timing

A

False (age-related)

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20
Q

What is the specific sequence of development typically referred to as?

A

Milestones

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21
Q

What is defined as a full-term pregnancy (gestation)?

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A

Between 39 wks., 0 days and 40 wks., 6 days

22
Q

True/False: Babies born full term have the best chance of being healthy (compared with those born earlier or later)

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A

True (across all areas of development)

23
Q

Definition of gestational age

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A

The number of dates in utero

24
Q

Definition of chronological age

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A

The age from date of birth

25
Preterm infants are born at how many weeks gestation?
37 wks. gestation
26
Are preterm infants more prone to potential developmental delays?
Yes (systems are still maturing)
27
What are the four developmental domains?
Physical Cognitive Language Social/emotional/affective
28
What types of movement are included in the physical developmental domain?
Gross motor Fine motor
29
True/False: Fine motor control development occurs before gross motor development
False
30
What are functional motor skills that are functional throughout development?
Postural control against gravity (balance) Walking Basic postural positions (prone; supine; sitting; standing; crawling)
31
What are functional motor skills driven by?
Visual and hand skills
32
Falling is an example of what stage of motor development?
Embodied (average 39 falls for every hour in motion)
33
On average, how long does it take a baby to recover from falling?
2 seconds
34
With reference to the "embodied" stage of motor development, what has the potential to alter physical forces (movement)
Growth Clothing (diapers; footwear)
35
True/False: When in the "embodied" stage of motor development, infants must be flexible in their movement patterns
True (so many changes going on)
36
True/False: Movement always occurs in a physical environment that never changes
False
37
With reference to the "embedded" stage of motor development, what is important for an infant to learn?
Learn new means to cope with a variable world and that there's many possibilities for actions (solving problems in own way; variety)
38
True/False: Movement leads to enhanced opportunities to learn
True
39
True/False: Caregiving practices shape infants' experiences
True
40
What are examples of formal caregiving practices?
Exercise Constraint (facilitating engagement)
41
What are examples of informal caregiving practices?
Holding Carrying Dressing Bathing
42
Can informal caregiving practices lead to later onset of motor skills?
Yes
43
An earlier onset of motor skills may be attributable to what?
Exercise
44
Does the development of new motor skills guarantee learning has occurred?
No (new opportunities for learning)
45
What does the "enabling" stage of motor development instigate?
Instigate cascades of learning and development (far from original skill)
46
What is an example of the "enabling" stage in motor development?
Walking > Crawling (enables infants to move/see more; explore objects)
47
How should one think of milestones?
Providing a general expectation of when different skills related to motor development should occur (no estimate for onset age; movement is different for everyone)
48
How do milestones helps us?
General idea of developmental progression Recognize when development is atypical
49
True/False: Proximal control develops before distal control
True (trunk; shoulders)
50
True/False: Flexor control develops before extensor control
False (develop ability to move out of physiologic flexion)

Lifespan (13 decks)

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