diabetes

Question 1

what is diabetes?

Answer 1

• abnormally high blood glucose levels
  hyperglycemia
• insufficient insulin

Question 2

describe type 1 diabetes

Answer 2

= juvenile

• b cells no longer make insulin
• genetic origin
• triggered by a childhood infection

Question 3

describe type 2 diabetes

Answer 3

= adult-onset

• normal insulin made
• the body doesn’t respond to insulin = more insulin is made to compensate
• islet cells cannot keep up with the demand
• associated with obesity + inactivity

Question 4

what is gestational diabetes?

Answer 4

• similar to type 2
• develops during pregnancy
• placental hormones interact with insulin secretion

Question 5

what is causing an increase in diabetics?

Answer 5

• lifestyle changes = less exercise

- change in diet = increase in sugar + saturated fats

Question 6

what are the 10 symptoms of diabetes?

Answer 6

1) hyperglycemia
2) glucose in the urine
3) increased urine output
4) hunger
5) weakness/fatigue
6) blurred vision
7) weight loss (type 1)
8) weight gain (type 2)
9) long term = peripheral vascular disease, blurred vision, kidney damage
10) persistent thirst

Question 7

what is the reason for hyperglycemia?

Answer 7

= insulin ineffective in storing/removing glucose from blood

Question 8

what is the reason for glucose in the urine?

Answer 8

= excess glucose secreted - all glucose protein channels in the kidney tubules are saturated

Question 9

what is the reason for increase urine output?

Answer 9

= water cannot be reabsorbed as glucose concentration in tubules is high - water passes out in urin

Question 10

what is the reason for persistent thirst?

Answer 10

= iincrease osmotic pressure in blood and water loss in urine triggers thirst reflex in hypothalamus

Question 11

what is the reason for hunger?

Answer 11

= inability of cells to uptake enough glucose

Question 12

what is the reason for fatigue?

Answer 12

= low energy levels as cells are deficient in glucose and cannot produce ATP from cellular respiration

Question 13

what is the reason for blurred vision?

Answer 13

lens loses water by osmosis - blood has high osmotic pressure due to high glucose conc

Question 14

what is the reason for weight loss (type 1)?

Answer 14

• no insulin to store energy

- stored energy is used (fats)

Question 15

what is the reason for weight gain (type 2)?

Answer 15

• pancrease produces increased insulin (but cells are insensitive) means more energy consumed from food is stored as fat
• cells starved of glucose

Question 16

what is the reason for long term symptoms??

Answer 16

= damage to blood vessels

poor circulation and healing extremities leading to ulcers + gangrene