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human bio YEAR 12 > specific immunity > Flashcards

specific immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what is specific immunity?

A
  • target only one specific type of pathogen

- body’s third line of defense

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2
Q

describe lymphocytes?

A
  • B-cells + T-cells
  • involved in both non-specific + specific
  • produced in bone marrow
  • roam through the body
  • able to wander through tissue and then enter the blood or lymph to be transported to another part of the body where they enter another tissue
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3
Q

describe b-cells

A

= produce antibodies that destroy pathogens

  • Antibody-mediated immunity
  • produced and matured in bone marrow
  • works in body fluids
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4
Q

describe T-cells

A

= produce chemicals that destroy cells interacting directly with their targets

  • Cell-mediated immunity
  • Produce killer cells
  • produced in bone marrow
  • matured in the thymus
  • work on infected cells, cancerous cells, transplanted tissue
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5
Q

what are antigens?

A

any substance capable of causing a specific immune response

- triggers both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity

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6
Q

what are self-antigens?

A

large molecules produced in a person’s own body that does not cause an immune response

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7
Q

what are non-self antigens?

A

foreign compounds that do trigger an immune response

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8
Q

what are antibodies?

A

a specialized protein produced by plasma cells in response to a non-self

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9
Q

what is an antigen-antibody complex?

A

antibody produced in response to an antigen can combine with that antigen

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10
Q

what are antigen-presenting cells?

A

specific cells which recognize and respond to a non-self antigen

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11
Q

what cells are antigen-presenting cells?

A
  • dendritic cells
  • macrophages
  • undifferentiated B-cells
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12
Q

how do antigen-presenting cells present an antigen?

A
  • detect the presence of non-self antigen
  • engulf the pathogen
  • digest pathogen, producing small fragments that move to the surface of the cell
  • present the antigen to lymphocytes on the cell surface
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13
Q

what are the 2 parts of the immune response?

A

antibody-mediated immunity

cell-mediated response

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14
Q

what does antibody-mediated immunity do?

A

works against bacteria, toxins, and viruses before they enter the body’s cells

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15
Q

describe the process of antibody-mediated immunity?

A

1) antigen-presenting cells recognize, engulf and digest pathogens, displaying the antigen on their surface
2) antigen-presenting cells reach lymphoid tissue and present the antigen to lymphocytes
3) helper T-cells are stimulated by antigen-presenting
4) specific B-lymphocytes are stimulated to undergo rapid cell division
5) most new B-cells develop into plasma cells, which produce antibodies and release them into blood and lymph
6) antibodies combine with specific antigen and inactivate or destroy it
7) some of the new B-cells form memory cells

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16
Q

what does cell-mediated immunity do?

A

works against transplanted tissues and organs, cancer cells, and cells that have been infected by viruses or bacteria

17
Q

describe the process of cell-mediated immunity?

A

1) antigen-presenting cells reach lymphoid tissue and present the antigen to the lymphocyte
2) antigen-presenting cells reach lymphoid tissue and present the antigen to the lymphocyte
3) helper T-cells are stimulated by antigen-presenting cells, which release cytokines
4) specific T-cells are stimulated to undergo rapid cell division
5) most new T cells develop into killer T-cells or helper T-cells which migrate to the site of the infection
6) killer T-cells destroy the antigen, while helper T-cell’s promote phagocytosis by macrophages
7) some sensitized T-cells form memory cells

18
Q

describe what happens during the primary exposure to an antigen

A

= immune response resulting from first exposure to a specific antigen

  • slow response
  • memory cells to the specific antigens are produced
19
Q

why is the primary response fairly slow?

A
  • takes time for B-cells to multiply and
    differentiate into plasma cells
    = takes time to build up large amounts
    of antibodies
20
Q

describe what happens during the secondary exposure to an antigen

A

= immune response resulting from second or subsequent exposure to a specific antigen

  • faster
  • antigen has little opportunity to exert any noticeable effect on the body – no symptoms, no illness result (the person is immune)
21
Q

why is the primary response much faster?

A

= due to memory cells
- Plasma cells formed quickly, in greater numbers, for longer periods of time, and in
high concentrations
- antibody levels in blood rise rapidly

22
Q

what are the two types of immunity?

A

passive

active

23
Q

what is immunity?

A

resistance to infection by invading pathogens

24
Q

how can immunity be gained?

A 
natural = no medical intervention
artificial = with medical intervention
25
Q

describe passive immunity

A
  • does not require exposure to antigen
  • person given antibodies produced by someone else
  • short lived immunity, lasting only until antibodies are brokem down + excreted
  • protection immediate but only temporary
26
Q

describe active immunity

A
  • requires exposure to antigen
  • person makes their own antibodies
  • prolonged immunity, lasting for many years, often for life
  • protection slow to develop but permanent
27
Q

compare passive natural immunity and passive artificial immunity

A

natural
- antibodies enter blood across placenta and in breast milk

artificial

  • antibodies injected into the bloodstream
  • used in rapidly developing serious infections
28
Q

compare active natural immunity and active artificial immunity

A

natural
- formation of memory cells resulting from attack of disease

artifical
- formation of memory cells resulting from given atigen by vaccination

29
Q

what are the 3 types of T cells that develop when T cells are not used as memory cells

A

1) killer T cells
2) helper T cells
3) suppressor T cells

30
Q

what are killer T cells?

A
  • migrate to the site of infection and deal with invading antigen
  • attach to invading cells and secrete a chemical that will destroy the antigen and then go in search of more antigens
31
Q

what are helper T cells?

A
  • humoral and cellular immunity

- bind to the antigen on antigen-presenting cells, stimulating the secretion of cytokines

32
Q

what are suppressor T cells?

A
  • act when the immune activity becomes excessive or the infection has been dealt with successfully
  • release substances that inhibit T and B cell activity, slowing down the immune response
33
Q

how do antibodies work to protect the body?

A
  • inactivate foreign enzymes by combining with them or inhibiting their reaction with other cells or compounds
  • bind to the surface of viruses and prevent them from entering cells
  • coat bacteria so that they are more easily consumed by phagocytes
  • agglutination = cause particles to clump together
  • dissolve organisms
  • react with soluble substances to make them insoluble and thus more easily consumed by phagocytes

human bio YEAR 12 (74 decks)

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